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Against the turning away: : Understanding the relationships of bystander motivation and behaviors to school bullying

Iotti, Nathaniel Oliver LU orcid (2024)
Abstract
Research on school bullying has devoted a considerable amount of attention to investigating the roles of bystanders – the students who witness bullying or know that it is occurring – in bullying episodes. Numerous findings have shown that peer intervention is essential for reducing bullying behaviors; consequently, subsequent studies have examined which factors contribute to increasing the number of students who defend their peers. Although motivation is known to play a significant role in human behavior, it has been largely unexplored in bullying research, save for some promising findings that support its relevance for understanding and altering bystander behaviors in bullying episodes. The aim of this dissertation is to better understand... (More)
Research on school bullying has devoted a considerable amount of attention to investigating the roles of bystanders – the students who witness bullying or know that it is occurring – in bullying episodes. Numerous findings have shown that peer intervention is essential for reducing bullying behaviors; consequently, subsequent studies have examined which factors contribute to increasing the number of students who defend their peers. Although motivation is known to play a significant role in human behavior, it has been largely unexplored in bullying research, save for some promising findings that support its relevance for understanding and altering bystander behaviors in bullying episodes. The aim of this dissertation is to better understand students’ motivation to defend victims of bullying through three empirical studies. Studies I and II investigated the relationship between motivation and participant roles in bullying and cyberbullying to clarify which types of motivation to defend are most related to defending behaviors among students, and whether age, gender, or nationality plays a role in motivation to defend. Study I also examined how motivation profiles related to student–teacher relationships, to understand which profiles were associated with positive student–teacher relationships. Finally, study III examined the relationship between autonomy-supportive parenting practices and students’ motivation to defend victims, to understand whether specific parenting practices were associated with more favorable types of motivation. It also explored whether factors such as reactance, depression, anxiety, and stress mediate this interaction. Study I used a person-centered approach to identify four latent motivational profiles among respondents and found significant differences in victimization rates, participant roles, and student–teacher relationship quality among these profiles. Differences in age and nationality, but not gender, were also found among the profiles. Study II found a positive association between autonomous motivation to defend and defender behavior, and a negative association between autonomous motivation to defend and pro-bully and passive behavior in cyberbullying. The study also found a positive association between extrinsic motivation and pro-bully and passive behavior in cyberbullying; however, there was not a significant association between extrinsic motivation and defender behavior. Although older age was associated with increased passive and lower defender behavior in cyberbullying, no significant gender differences were found. Study III found a positive association between autonomy-supportive parenting and autonomous motivation to defend and a negative association between autonomy-supportive parenting and extrinsic motivation to defend, as well as partial mediation of these associations by reactance. Reactance was also positively associated with extrinsic motivation and negatively associated with autonomous motivation to defend. Autonomy-supportive parenting was negatively associated with reactance, depression, stress, and anxiety. However, no evidence was found of depression, stress, and anxiety mediating the association between autonomy-supportive parenting and motivation to defend. These variables were also not directly associated with motivation to defend, with the exception of anxiety, which was found to have a small positive association with autonomous motivation to defend. Study III also highlighted some gender differences in type of motivation and levels of anxiety, depression, stress. Overall, the findings of this dissertation corroborate that there is an association between autonomous motivation to defend and defending behaviors, and between controlled motivation and passive and pro-bully behaviors in bystanders of bullying and cyberbullying. The findings also confirm that autonomy-supportive parenting practices are related to greater autonomous prosocial motivation and lower controlled motivation, reactance, and mental health complaints among young people. Moreover, autonomous motivation was associated with positive student–teacher relationships and controlled motivation with negative student–teacher relationships, which supports self-determination theory’s postulation that only autonomy-supportive contexts and practices can support integrated self-regulation, promote wellbeing, and improve performance. The dissertation highlights potential differences in motivation to defend according to age, gender, and culture/nationality, with older age being related to lower autonomous prosocial motivation; girls displaying higher autonomous prosocial motivation and experiencing poorer mental health compared to boys; and Swedish students possessing greater controlled prosocial motivation than Italian students. This dissertation calls attention to the importance of investigating motivational factors for understanding why, when, and how students defend peers who are being bullied in person or online. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Forskning om mobbning i skolan har ägnat avsevärd uppmärksamhet åt att undersöka vilken roll åskådare (elever som bevittnar mobbning eller vet att den pågår) spelar i att påverka antalet mobbningsfall. Omfattande forskningsfynd har visat att ingripande från kamrater är väsentligt för att minska mobbningsbeteenden och följaktligen har efterföljande studier sökt avgöra vilka faktorer som bidrar till att öka antalet elever som försvarar sina kamrater. Trots att motivation har visats spela en viktig roll i att utveckla och påverka mänskligt beteende, har denna variabel förblivit till stor del outforskad i mobbningsforskningen; med undantag av några få lovande forskningsresultat som stöder dess relevans för att förstå och förändra... (More)
Forskning om mobbning i skolan har ägnat avsevärd uppmärksamhet åt att undersöka vilken roll åskådare (elever som bevittnar mobbning eller vet att den pågår) spelar i att påverka antalet mobbningsfall. Omfattande forskningsfynd har visat att ingripande från kamrater är väsentligt för att minska mobbningsbeteenden och följaktligen har efterföljande studier sökt avgöra vilka faktorer som bidrar till att öka antalet elever som försvarar sina kamrater. Trots att motivation har visats spela en viktig roll i att utveckla och påverka mänskligt beteende, har denna variabel förblivit till stor del outforskad i mobbningsforskningen; med undantag av några få lovande forskningsresultat som stöder dess relevans för att förstå och förändra åskådarbeteenden i mobbningsfall. Målet med denna avhandling är därför att genom tre empiriska studier förbättra vår förståelse för elevers motivation att försvara mobbningsoffer.
Studie I och II undersökte relation mellan motivation att försvara offret och deltagarroller vid mobbning och nätmobbning för att klargöra vilka typer av motivation som relaterar mest till försvarsbeteenden bland elever och huruvida dessa är relaterade till faktorer såsom ålder, kön eller nationalitet. Studie I undersökte även om det fanns en association mellan motivationsprofiler och relationen mellan elever och lärare för att förstå vilka profiler som visar starkast samband med positiva relationer mellan elever och lärare samt vilka profiler som inte gör det. Slutligen undersökte studie III relationen mellan autonomistödjande förhållningssätt till föräldraskap och elevers motivation att försvara offer, för att utforska huruvida specifika förhållningssätt till föräldraskap hade en association till elevers anammande av mer gynnsamma motivationstyper och om faktorer såsom reaktans, depression, ångest och stress medierade denna association.
Studie I använde en personcentrerad ansats för att identifiera fyra latenta motivationsprofiler bland respondenterna och fann signifikanta skillnader mellan profilerna i grad av utsatthet, deltagarroller och relationskvalitet inom en elev-lärarrelation. Studien fann även att profilerna skiljde sig åt gällande ålder och nationalitet, men fann ingen skillnad baserat på kön. Studie II fann en positiv association mellan autonom motivation att försvara och försvararbeteenden samt en negativ association mellan autonom motivation att försvara och mobbarstöttande samt passiva beteenden vid cybermobbning. Studie II såg också en positiv association mellan yttre motivation och mobbarstöttande samt passivt beteende vid cybermobbning, men fann ingen signifikant association mellan yttre motivation och försvararbeteende vid cybermobbning. Trots att högre ålder var associerat med ökat passivt beteende och minskat försvararbeteende vid cybermobbning så hittades inga signifikanta könsskillnader. Studie III fann en positiv association mellan autonomstödjande förhållningssätt till föräldraskap och autonom motivation och en negativ association mellan autonomstödjande förhållningssätt till föräldraskap och yttre motivation att försvara, samt stöd för att reaktans delvis medierar denna association. Reaktans var även positivt associerat med yttre motivation och negativt associerat med autonom motivation att försvara. Autonomstödjande förhållningssätt till föräldraskap var negativt associerat med reaktans, depression, stress och ångest. Studien fann dock ingen evidens för att depression, stress eller ångest medierade association mellan autonomstödjande förhållningssätt till föräldraskap och motivation att försvara. Ingen evidens hittades heller för en direkt association mellan motivation och depression eller stress, däremot visade ångest en svag positiv association med autonom motivation att försvara. Studie III tydliggjorde även vissa könsskillnader gällande typ av motivation och nivåer av ångest, depression och stress.
De sammanlagda fynden av den här avhandlingen stödjer att det finns en association mellan autonom motivation och försvararbeteenden samt mellan kontrollerad motivation och passiva eller mobbarstöttande beteende bland betraktare av mobbning och cybermobbning. Fynden bekräftar även att autonomstödjande förhållningssätt till föräldraskap är relaterade till högre autonom, pro-social motivation och lägre kontrollerad motivation, reaktans och problem med mental hälsa bland unga. Därtill stödjer fynden om en association mellan positiva elev-lärarrelationer och autonom motivation de prediktioner som görs av Självbestämmandeteorin om att enbart autonomstödjande kontexter och praktiker kan stötta integrerad självreglering, gynna välmående och förbättra prestation. Slutligen bidrar avhandlingen med några preliminära fynd gällande skillnader i motivation, där indikationer hittades att högre ålder kan vara relaterad till lägre autonom, pro-social motivation, att flickor kan uppvisa högre autonom, pro-social motivation och uppleva sämre mental hälsa jämfört med pojkar samt att svenska elever kan inneha högre kontrollerad, pro-social motivation än italienska elever. Den här avhandlingen uppmärksammar vikten av att undersöka motivationsfaktorer för att förstå varför, när och hur elever kan försvara sina kamrater som utsätts för mobbning personligen eller på nätet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Smith, Peter, University of London
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Bullying, Bystander behavior, Bystander motivation, Self-determination theory, Student-teacher relationship, Parenting
pages
82 pages
publisher
Lund University
defense location
Gamla Köket, Sh128, Allhelgona kyrkogata 8, Lund
defense date
2024-02-09 13:00:00
ISBN
978-91-8039-910-4
978-91-8039-911-1
project
Do parenting styles affect motivation to defend in bullying situations? A cross-national study to analyze the contribution of different parenting styles to bystander roles and motivation to defend.
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
bda60913-9e8e-4079-ad6b-22022735517c
date added to LUP
2024-01-10 17:08:10
date last changed
2024-01-12 03:13:57
@phdthesis{bda60913-9e8e-4079-ad6b-22022735517c,
  abstract     = {{Research on school bullying has devoted a considerable amount of attention to investigating the roles of bystanders – the students who witness bullying or know that it is occurring – in bullying episodes. Numerous findings have shown that peer intervention is essential for reducing bullying behaviors; consequently, subsequent studies have examined which factors contribute to increasing the number of students who defend their peers. Although motivation is known to play a significant role in human behavior, it has been largely unexplored in bullying research, save for some promising findings that support its relevance for understanding and altering bystander behaviors in bullying episodes. The aim of this dissertation is to better understand students’ motivation to defend victims of bullying through three empirical studies. Studies I and II investigated the relationship between motivation and participant roles in bullying and cyberbullying to clarify which types of motivation to defend are most related to defending behaviors among students, and whether age, gender, or nationality plays a role in motivation to defend. Study I also examined how motivation profiles related to student–teacher relationships, to understand which profiles were associated with positive student–teacher relationships. Finally, study III examined the relationship between autonomy-supportive parenting practices and students’ motivation to defend victims, to understand whether specific parenting practices were associated with more favorable types of motivation. It also explored whether factors such as reactance, depression, anxiety, and stress mediate this interaction. Study I used a person-centered approach to identify four latent motivational profiles among respondents and found significant differences in victimization rates, participant roles, and student–teacher relationship quality among these profiles. Differences in age and nationality, but not gender, were also found among the profiles. Study II found a positive association between autonomous motivation to defend and defender behavior, and a negative association between autonomous motivation to defend and pro-bully and passive behavior in cyberbullying. The study also found a positive association between extrinsic motivation and pro-bully and passive behavior in cyberbullying; however, there was not a significant association between extrinsic motivation and defender behavior. Although older age was associated with increased passive and lower defender behavior in cyberbullying, no significant gender differences were found. Study III found a positive association between autonomy-supportive parenting and autonomous motivation to defend and a negative association between autonomy-supportive parenting and extrinsic motivation to defend, as well as partial mediation of these associations by reactance. Reactance was also positively associated with extrinsic motivation and negatively associated with autonomous motivation to defend. Autonomy-supportive parenting was negatively associated with reactance, depression, stress, and anxiety. However, no evidence was found of depression, stress, and anxiety mediating the association between autonomy-supportive parenting and motivation to defend. These variables were also not directly associated with motivation to defend, with the exception of anxiety, which was found to have a small positive association with autonomous motivation to defend. Study III also highlighted some gender differences in type of motivation and levels of anxiety, depression, stress. Overall, the findings of this dissertation corroborate that there is an association between autonomous motivation to defend and defending behaviors, and between controlled motivation and passive and pro-bully behaviors in bystanders of bullying and cyberbullying. The findings also confirm that autonomy-supportive parenting practices are related to greater autonomous prosocial motivation and lower controlled motivation, reactance, and mental health complaints among young people. Moreover, autonomous motivation was associated with positive student–teacher relationships and controlled motivation with negative student–teacher relationships, which supports self-determination theory’s postulation that only autonomy-supportive contexts and practices can support integrated self-regulation, promote wellbeing, and improve performance. The dissertation highlights potential differences in motivation to defend according to age, gender, and culture/nationality, with older age being related to lower autonomous prosocial motivation; girls displaying higher autonomous prosocial motivation and experiencing poorer mental health compared to boys; and Swedish students possessing greater controlled prosocial motivation than Italian students. This dissertation calls attention to the importance of investigating motivational factors for understanding why, when, and how students defend peers who are being bullied in person or online.}},
  author       = {{Iotti, Nathaniel Oliver}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8039-910-4}},
  keywords     = {{Bullying; Bystander behavior; Bystander motivation; Self-determination theory; Student-teacher relationship; Parenting}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Against the turning away: : Understanding the relationships of bystander motivation and behaviors to school bullying}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/168888549/Against_the_turning_away_LUCRIS.pdf}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}