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Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis

Kanis, JA ; Johnell, Olof LU ; Oden, A ; Johansson, H ; De Laet, C ; Eisman, JA ; Fujiwara, S ; Kroger, H ; McCloskey, EV and Mellstrom, D , et al. (2005) In Osteoporosis International 16(2). p.155-162
Abstract
Smoking is widely considered a risk factor for future fracture. The aim of this study was to quantify this risk on an international basis and to explore the relationship of this risk with age, sex and bone mineral density (BMD). We studied 59,232 men and women (74% female) from ten prospective cohorts comprising EVOS/EPOS, DOES, CaMos, Rochester, Sheffeld, Rotterdam, Kuopio, Hiroshima and two cohorts from Gothenburg. Cohorts were followed for a total of 250,000 person-years. The effect of current or past smoking, on the risk of any fracture, any osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture alone was examined using a Poisson model for each sex from each cohort. Covariates examined were age, sex and BMD. The results of the different studies were... (More)
Smoking is widely considered a risk factor for future fracture. The aim of this study was to quantify this risk on an international basis and to explore the relationship of this risk with age, sex and bone mineral density (BMD). We studied 59,232 men and women (74% female) from ten prospective cohorts comprising EVOS/EPOS, DOES, CaMos, Rochester, Sheffeld, Rotterdam, Kuopio, Hiroshima and two cohorts from Gothenburg. Cohorts were followed for a total of 250,000 person-years. The effect of current or past smoking, on the risk of any fracture, any osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture alone was examined using a Poisson model for each sex from each cohort. Covariates examined were age, sex and BMD. The results of the different studies were merged using the weighted beta-coefficients. Current smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of any fracture compared to non-smokers (RR = 1.25; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)= 1.15 - 1.36). Risk ratio ( RR) was adjusted marginally downward when account was taken of BMD, but it remained significantly increased (RR = 1.13). For an osteoporotic fracture, the risk was marginally higher (RR = 1.29; 95% CI= 1.13 - 1.28). The highest risk was observed for hip fracture (RR = 1.84; 95% CI= 1.52 - 2.22), but this was also somewhat lower after adjustment for BMD ( RR = 1.60; 95% CI= 1.27 - 2.02). Risk ratios were significantly higher in men than in women for all fractures and for osteoporotic fractures, but not for hip fracture. Low BMD accounted for only 23% of the smoking-related risk of hip fracture. Adjustment for body mass index had a small downward effect on risk for all fracture outcomes. For osteoporotic fracture, the risk ratio increased with age, but decreased with age for hip fracture. A smoking history was associated with a significantly increased risk of fracture compared with individuals with no smoking history, but the risk ratios were lower than for current smoking. We conclude that a history of smoking results in fracture risk that is substantially greater than that explained by measurement of BMD. Its validation on an international basis permits the use of this risk factor in case finding strategies. (Less)
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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
body mass index, hip fracture, meta-analysis, smoking, osteoporotic fracture
in
Osteoporosis International
volume
16
issue
2
pages
155 - 162
publisher
Springer
external identifiers
  • wos:000226554500006
  • pmid:15175845
  • scopus:19944432683
ISSN
1433-2965
DOI
10.1007/s00198-004-1640-3
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
dad91e16-34fd-4502-8be7-d686c32eb5f7 (old id 897564)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 15:20:56
date last changed
2024-05-23 11:52:42
@article{dad91e16-34fd-4502-8be7-d686c32eb5f7,
  abstract     = {{Smoking is widely considered a risk factor for future fracture. The aim of this study was to quantify this risk on an international basis and to explore the relationship of this risk with age, sex and bone mineral density (BMD). We studied 59,232 men and women (74% female) from ten prospective cohorts comprising EVOS/EPOS, DOES, CaMos, Rochester, Sheffeld, Rotterdam, Kuopio, Hiroshima and two cohorts from Gothenburg. Cohorts were followed for a total of 250,000 person-years. The effect of current or past smoking, on the risk of any fracture, any osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture alone was examined using a Poisson model for each sex from each cohort. Covariates examined were age, sex and BMD. The results of the different studies were merged using the weighted beta-coefficients. Current smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of any fracture compared to non-smokers (RR = 1.25; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)= 1.15 - 1.36). Risk ratio ( RR) was adjusted marginally downward when account was taken of BMD, but it remained significantly increased (RR = 1.13). For an osteoporotic fracture, the risk was marginally higher (RR = 1.29; 95% CI= 1.13 - 1.28). The highest risk was observed for hip fracture (RR = 1.84; 95% CI= 1.52 - 2.22), but this was also somewhat lower after adjustment for BMD ( RR = 1.60; 95% CI= 1.27 - 2.02). Risk ratios were significantly higher in men than in women for all fractures and for osteoporotic fractures, but not for hip fracture. Low BMD accounted for only 23% of the smoking-related risk of hip fracture. Adjustment for body mass index had a small downward effect on risk for all fracture outcomes. For osteoporotic fracture, the risk ratio increased with age, but decreased with age for hip fracture. A smoking history was associated with a significantly increased risk of fracture compared with individuals with no smoking history, but the risk ratios were lower than for current smoking. We conclude that a history of smoking results in fracture risk that is substantially greater than that explained by measurement of BMD. Its validation on an international basis permits the use of this risk factor in case finding strategies.}},
  author       = {{Kanis, JA and Johnell, Olof and Oden, A and Johansson, H and De Laet, C and Eisman, JA and Fujiwara, S and Kroger, H and McCloskey, EV and Mellstrom, D and Melton, LJ and Pols, H and Reeve, J and Silman, A and Tenenhouse, A}},
  issn         = {{1433-2965}},
  keywords     = {{body mass index; hip fracture; meta-analysis; smoking; osteoporotic fracture}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{155--162}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  series       = {{Osteoporosis International}},
  title        = {{Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-004-1640-3}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00198-004-1640-3}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2005}},
}