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Eckart streaming with nonlinear high-order harmonics : An example at gigahertz

Li, Shiyu ; Cui, Weiwei ; Baasch, Thierry LU ; Wang, Bin and Gong, Zhixiong (2024) In Physical Review Fluids 9(8).
Abstract

Acoustic streaming shows great potential in applications such as bubble dynamics, cell aggregation, and nanosized particle isolation in the biomedical and drug industries. As the acoustic shock distance decreases with the increase of incident frequency, the nonlinear propagation effect will play a role in acoustic streaming, e.g., Eckart (bulk) streaming at a few gigahertz. However, the theory of source terms of bulk streaming is still missing at this stage when high-order acoustic harmonics play a role. In this paper, we derive the source term including the contribution of high-order harmonics. The streaming-induced hydrodynamic flow is assumed to be incompressible and no shock wave occurs during the nonlinear acoustic propagation as... (More)

Acoustic streaming shows great potential in applications such as bubble dynamics, cell aggregation, and nanosized particle isolation in the biomedical and drug industries. As the acoustic shock distance decreases with the increase of incident frequency, the nonlinear propagation effect will play a role in acoustic streaming, e.g., Eckart (bulk) streaming at a few gigahertz. However, the theory of source terms of bulk streaming is still missing at this stage when high-order acoustic harmonics play a role. In this paper, we derive the source term including the contribution of high-order harmonics. The streaming-induced hydrodynamic flow is assumed to be incompressible and no shock wave occurs during the nonlinear acoustic propagation as restricted by the traditional Goldberg number Γ<1 or Γ≈1, which indicates the importance of nonlinearity relative to dissipation. The derived force terms allow evaluating bulk streaming with high-order harmonics at gigahertz and provide an exact expression compared to the existing empirical formulas. Numerical results show that the contribution of higher-order harmonics increases the streaming flow velocity by more than 20%. Our approach clearly demonstrates the errors inherent in the expression introduced by Nyborg which should be avoided in numerical computations as it includes part of the acoustic radiation force that does not lead to acoustic streaming.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Physical Review Fluids
volume
9
issue
8
article number
084201
publisher
American Physical Society
external identifiers
  • scopus:85201103172
ISSN
2469-990X
DOI
10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.084201
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
dc04263b-7e93-4df0-bba7-ceaa9b1d7014
date added to LUP
2024-09-09 15:12:35
date last changed
2025-04-04 14:52:30
@article{dc04263b-7e93-4df0-bba7-ceaa9b1d7014,
  abstract     = {{<p>Acoustic streaming shows great potential in applications such as bubble dynamics, cell aggregation, and nanosized particle isolation in the biomedical and drug industries. As the acoustic shock distance decreases with the increase of incident frequency, the nonlinear propagation effect will play a role in acoustic streaming, e.g., Eckart (bulk) streaming at a few gigahertz. However, the theory of source terms of bulk streaming is still missing at this stage when high-order acoustic harmonics play a role. In this paper, we derive the source term including the contribution of high-order harmonics. The streaming-induced hydrodynamic flow is assumed to be incompressible and no shock wave occurs during the nonlinear acoustic propagation as restricted by the traditional Goldberg number Γ&lt;1 or Γ≈1, which indicates the importance of nonlinearity relative to dissipation. The derived force terms allow evaluating bulk streaming with high-order harmonics at gigahertz and provide an exact expression compared to the existing empirical formulas. Numerical results show that the contribution of higher-order harmonics increases the streaming flow velocity by more than 20%. Our approach clearly demonstrates the errors inherent in the expression introduced by Nyborg which should be avoided in numerical computations as it includes part of the acoustic radiation force that does not lead to acoustic streaming.</p>}},
  author       = {{Li, Shiyu and Cui, Weiwei and Baasch, Thierry and Wang, Bin and Gong, Zhixiong}},
  issn         = {{2469-990X}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{8}},
  publisher    = {{American Physical Society}},
  series       = {{Physical Review Fluids}},
  title        = {{Eckart streaming with nonlinear high-order harmonics : An example at gigahertz}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.084201}},
  doi          = {{10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.084201}},
  volume       = {{9}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}