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Rural Gentrification in Desakota : Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan

Hsu, Chia-Sui LU (2019) In Meddelande från Institutionen för kulturgeografi och ekonomisk geografi. Avhandlingar
Abstract
After post-war land reform that took place between 1949 and 1953, most Taiwanese farmers became owner-cultivators working on small landholdings. Post-war land reform paved the foundation for economic development and industrialization, processes that squeezed the agricultural sector and created changes in farming villages. When Taiwanese agriculture showed signs of stagnation in the 1970s, farmers’ perceptions of farming and landholding gradually altered, and resulted in changes in livelihood strategies. Although farmland was highly regulated and only allowed to be traded among farmers, farmland at peri-urban areas was often legally and illegally used or rented out by rural residents as sites for factories to help generate non-farming... (More)
After post-war land reform that took place between 1949 and 1953, most Taiwanese farmers became owner-cultivators working on small landholdings. Post-war land reform paved the foundation for economic development and industrialization, processes that squeezed the agricultural sector and created changes in farming villages. When Taiwanese agriculture showed signs of stagnation in the 1970s, farmers’ perceptions of farming and landholding gradually altered, and resulted in changes in livelihood strategies. Although farmland was highly regulated and only allowed to be traded among farmers, farmland at peri-urban areas was often legally and illegally used or rented out by rural residents as sites for factories to help generate non-farming income. This situation changed after the amendment of the Agricultural Development Act in 2000, which opened up the eligibility of individuals with non-farming backgrounds for purchasing farmland — a small portion of which could then be used to build a farmhouse. Since a large proportion of the population was involved in agricultural production during the post-war period, this change in the use of farmland has created controversies over how farmland should be used and who should reserve the right to do so. This dissertation analyzes the relations between the farmland politics that emerged in the late 1990s and diverse rural in-migrations in Taiwan. It analyzes how deregulation of farmland policies have contributed to two processes of rural gentrification. On the one hand, rural gentrification is part of a continued process of deagrarianization, which has happened when farmers/landholders were given the opportunity to accumulate capital and change their social mobility during the farmhouse boom. On the other hand, farmland policies have allowed a small group of urbanite newcomers with limited experience with farming to adopt ecological farming. On social media, these newcomers are termed Smallholder Farmers (Xiao Nong) and New Farmers (Xing Nong). This dissertation suggests that the emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan constitutes a local response to the global alternative food movement, and that the New Famers’ enthusiasm for an agricultural lifestyle is a special case of rural gentrification. This dissertation is based on fieldwork in Yi-Lan and Hualien. Both counties are located in the eastern part of Taiwan and, over the past two decades, have witnessed in-migrations of both affluent households who have purchased farmland in the countryside to construct single-family villas (farmhouses) for their second homes, and New Farmers who move to the countryside to realize their dreams of becoming alternative food producers. These processes challenge us to think about the transformation of farming practices and the roles of farmland in regions that have highly mixed agricultural and non-agricultural uses of land, referred in East and Southeast Asia countries as desakota regions. New farmers’ experiences and challenges are mirrors that are useful for reflecting on Taiwanese agricultural development. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Efter en landreform, som genomfördes i slutet av 40- och i början av 50-talet, blev de flesta taiwanesiska bönderna hemmansägare och odlade marken på små lantegendomar. Denna efterkrigsreform banade väg för en ekonomisk utveckling som väsentligt påverkade och förändrade bondesamhället. När det taiwanesiska jordbruket visade tecken på stagnation på 1970-talet, förändrades böndernas syn på markinnehav, vilket resulterade i förändrade försörjningsstrategier. Trots att innehav av jordbruksmark var strängt reglerad och endast tillät bönder att bruka marken, så utarrenderades eller utnyttjades stadsnära jordbruksmark av landsbyggdsbefolkningen, såväl legalt som illegalt, för industrianläggningar som kunde bidra till att generera extra inkomster... (More)
Efter en landreform, som genomfördes i slutet av 40- och i början av 50-talet, blev de flesta taiwanesiska bönderna hemmansägare och odlade marken på små lantegendomar. Denna efterkrigsreform banade väg för en ekonomisk utveckling som väsentligt påverkade och förändrade bondesamhället. När det taiwanesiska jordbruket visade tecken på stagnation på 1970-talet, förändrades böndernas syn på markinnehav, vilket resulterade i förändrade försörjningsstrategier. Trots att innehav av jordbruksmark var strängt reglerad och endast tillät bönder att bruka marken, så utarrenderades eller utnyttjades stadsnära jordbruksmark av landsbyggdsbefolkningen, såväl legalt som illegalt, för industrianläggningar som kunde bidra till att generera extra inkomster till jordbruket. Denna situation förändrades efter ändringen av lagen om jordbruksutveckling (Agricultural Development Act) år 2000, som öppnade upp för att även individer utan jordbruksbakgrund kunde ges möjlighet att köpa jordbruksmark, där en liten del av marken kunde användas för att bygga en lantegendom. En stor del av befolkningen var involverade i jordbruksproduktionen under efterkrigstiden, vilket innebar att denna förändring av användningen av jordbruksmark gav upphov till kontroverser om hur jordbruksmark skulle användas och vem som skulle ha rätten att odla/bruka jorden.

I denna avhandling analyseras relationen mellan den jordbrukspolitik som utvecklades i slutet av 90-talet och landsbygsdsinvandringen i Taiwan. Analysen visar hur avregleringen av markinnehav bidrog till två processer av gentrifiering av landsbygden. Å ena sidan, en kontinuerlig deagrarisationsprocess, där bönder/markägare successivt avvecklade jordbruket, genom att de fick möjlighet att ackumulera kapital och förändra sin sociala status tack vare ”bondgårdsboomen” (dvs - det stora intresset att bygga små lantgårdar). Å andra sidan gav den nya jordbrukspolitiken möjlighet för en liten grupp stadsinvånare – nykomlingar – med begränsad jordbrukserfarenhet att utveckla ekologiskt jordbruk. På sociala medier kallas dessa nykomlingar ”småbrukare” (Xiao Nong) och ”nya bönder” (Xing Nong). Denna avhandling visar att uppkomsten av nya bönder i Taiwan utgör ett lokalt svar på den globala rörelse som verkar för alternativ livsmedelsproduktion. De nya böndernas entusiasm för en agrikulturell livsstil utgör en särskild form av lantlig gentrifiering.

Avhandlingen baseras på ett fältarbete i Yi-Lan och Hualien. Båda landskapen ligger i den östra delen av Taiwan, som under de senaste två decennierna fått vara med om inflyttning av såväl välbärgade hushåll, som köpt jordbruksmark för att bygga små enfamiljsbostäder (bondgårdar) som ett andra hem, en fritidsbostad, som av ”nya bönder”, som lyckats etablera sig som alternativa livsmedelsproducenter. Dessa två processer utmanar oss att problematisera över hur omvandling av jordbruksmetoder kan förändras och hur jordbruksmark kan användas i regioner som består av mycket blandad jordbruksmark, syftande på det som i östra och sydöstra Asien kallas desakota. Nya bönders erfarenheter och utmaningar utgör här värdefull kunskap att ta vara på och reflektera över, då den speglar det taiwanesiska jordbrukets utveckling. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Phillips, Martin, University of Leicester
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Alternative Food Networks, desakota, farmhouse, new farmers, rural gentrification, Taiwan
in
Meddelande från Institutionen för kulturgeografi och ekonomisk geografi. Avhandlingar
issue
24
pages
250 pages
publisher
Lund University
defense location
Världen, Geocentrum I, Sölvegatan 10, Lund
defense date
2019-05-23 10:15:00
ISBN
978-91-7895-074-4
978-91-7895-073-7
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
6ae2c4f2-e703-43d6-abd6-47700b0e7452
date added to LUP
2019-04-12 15:03:29
date last changed
2019-09-08 14:35:09
@phdthesis{6ae2c4f2-e703-43d6-abd6-47700b0e7452,
  abstract     = {{After post-war land reform that took place between 1949 and 1953, most Taiwanese farmers became owner-cultivators working on small landholdings. Post-war land reform paved the foundation for economic development and industrialization, processes that squeezed the agricultural sector and created changes in farming villages. When Taiwanese agriculture showed signs of stagnation in the 1970s, farmers’ perceptions of farming and landholding gradually altered, and resulted in changes in livelihood strategies. Although farmland was highly regulated and only allowed to be traded among farmers, farmland at peri-urban areas was often legally and illegally used or rented out by rural residents as sites for factories to help generate non-farming income. This situation changed after the amendment of the Agricultural Development Act in 2000, which opened up the eligibility of individuals with non-farming backgrounds for purchasing farmland — a small portion of which could then be used to build a farmhouse. Since a large proportion of the population was involved in agricultural production during the post-war period, this change in the use of farmland has created controversies over how farmland should be used and who should reserve the right to do so. This dissertation analyzes the relations between the farmland politics that emerged in the late 1990s and diverse rural in-migrations in Taiwan. It analyzes how deregulation of farmland policies have contributed to two processes of rural gentrification. On the one hand, rural gentrification is part of a continued process of deagrarianization, which has happened when farmers/landholders were given the opportunity to accumulate capital and change their social mobility during the farmhouse boom. On the other hand, farmland policies have allowed a small group of urbanite newcomers with limited experience with farming to adopt ecological farming. On social media, these newcomers are termed Smallholder Farmers (Xiao Nong) and New Farmers (Xing Nong). This dissertation suggests that the emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan constitutes a local response to the global alternative food movement, and that the New Famers’ enthusiasm for an agricultural lifestyle is a special case of rural gentrification. This dissertation is based on fieldwork in Yi-Lan and Hualien. Both counties are located in the eastern part of Taiwan and, over the past two decades, have witnessed in-migrations of both affluent households who have purchased farmland in the countryside to construct single-family villas (farmhouses) for their second homes, and New Farmers who move to the countryside to realize their dreams of becoming alternative food producers. These processes challenge us to think about the transformation of farming practices and the roles of farmland in regions that have highly mixed agricultural and non-agricultural uses of land, referred in East and Southeast Asia countries as desakota regions. New farmers’ experiences and challenges are mirrors that are useful for reflecting on Taiwanese agricultural development.}},
  author       = {{Hsu, Chia-Sui}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-7895-074-4}},
  keywords     = {{Alternative Food Networks; desakota; farmhouse; new farmers; rural gentrification; Taiwan}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{04}},
  number       = {{24}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Meddelande från Institutionen för kulturgeografi och ekonomisk geografi. Avhandlingar}},
  title        = {{Rural Gentrification in Desakota : Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/62957322/Chiasui_hsu_dissertation_Lund_University_2019.pdf}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}