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Essays on Network Effects and Money

Stenkula, Mikael LU (2003) In Lund Economic Studies no. 117.
Abstract
This thesis contains four separate papers in the field of monetary economics. The common basis for all the papers is that they deal with money and network effects in one way or another. Although the common basis is the same in all the articles, different approaches are used: theory, econometrics and history of economic thought.



This first essay focuses on the network effect in the use of money and the problems associated with this. A two-currency model is constructed to derive conditions about Nash equilibria inducing monetary unions and parallel currencies. Individual differences among the population are allowed, in contrast to a representative agent model. Equilibria are derived both when rational individuals make... (More)
This thesis contains four separate papers in the field of monetary economics. The common basis for all the papers is that they deal with money and network effects in one way or another. Although the common basis is the same in all the articles, different approaches are used: theory, econometrics and history of economic thought.



This first essay focuses on the network effect in the use of money and the problems associated with this. A two-currency model is constructed to derive conditions about Nash equilibria inducing monetary unions and parallel currencies. Individual differences among the population are allowed, in contrast to a representative agent model. Equilibria are derived both when rational individuals make currency choices individually and when choices are made by vote maximizing politicians. The results are compared and evaluated according to the Pareto criterion. It is shown that neither political decision, nor the market process will guarantee an efficient outcome. The political solution will, however, more often give preferable solutions.



Carl Menger has been cited as a forerunner to the network theory of money. The second essay analyzes Carl Menger's monetary theory and evaluates whether he was aware of the network characteristic of money. The analysis is focused on the German word Absatzfähigkeit, which is defined and analyzed by Menger and is central in his monetary theory. An English translation of this word can be marketability or saleability. Parts of this concept cover an essential idea behind the network property of a potential medium of exchange. The result is, nevertheless, mixed. It cannot be said that his analysis is complete enough to call him a forerunner in all respects.



In the third essay the changeover process from the local national currency to the Euro in the countries participating in the third stage of EMU is described and analyzed. The article tries to find factors that can help to explain the different pace of transition between the countries introducing Euro bank notes. It is found that the initial supply of Euros, the country size, the duration of dual circulation and the number of bank branches (per capita) in the economy explain a large part of the variation in the pace of adoption. The first two factors can have its origin in the network property of currency. Psychological factors, such as nationalism, have not been found to significantly influence the outcome.



The final essay analyzes the adoption pattern of a new currency. The purpose of the essay is to construct two different types of models, network models and mechanical velocity models, which may help to explain the adoption path and to enrich the theories explaining the adoption process of a new currency. It is shown that network models can generate both concave, convex and S-shaped adoption functions. The velocity models can only generate concave adoption functions. Both types of models can be used to derive the observed concave adoption pattern during the currency exchange period experienced in all Euro area countries. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Denna avhandling består av fyra separata artiklar. Den gemensamma nämnaren för alla artiklarna är att de behandlar pengar och nätverkseffekter. En vara med nätverkseffekter är en vara där nyttan av varan är beroende av hur många andra individer som använder sig av varan. Ett typexempel i litteraturen är faxmaskiner: ju fler som har en fax, desto större nytta har man av en faxmaskin. Denna egenskap kan man också anse att pengar har. Man kan säga att pengar är en nätverksvara. Teorier och modeller baserade på nätverkseffekter inom monetär ekonomi har utvecklats under slutet av 80-talet och framåt. Avhandlingen avser att bidra med ytterligare analys inom detta område.



Den första... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Denna avhandling består av fyra separata artiklar. Den gemensamma nämnaren för alla artiklarna är att de behandlar pengar och nätverkseffekter. En vara med nätverkseffekter är en vara där nyttan av varan är beroende av hur många andra individer som använder sig av varan. Ett typexempel i litteraturen är faxmaskiner: ju fler som har en fax, desto större nytta har man av en faxmaskin. Denna egenskap kan man också anse att pengar har. Man kan säga att pengar är en nätverksvara. Teorier och modeller baserade på nätverkseffekter inom monetär ekonomi har utvecklats under slutet av 80-talet och framåt. Avhandlingen avser att bidra med ytterligare analys inom detta område.



Den första artikeln analyserar valutaval, när valuta är en nätverksvara, och när ett effektivt valutaval inträffar. Valet av valuta kan antingen ske genom att varje individ själv väljer vilken valuta hon vill använda sig av eller genom att det politiska systemet väljer valuta. Artikelns slutsats är att det inte går att garantera att den mest effektiva kombinationen av valutor kommer att väljas, oavsett om individerna själva eller politikerna väljer valuta. Det går dock att visa att det oftare kan bli ett bättre utfall om det politiska systemet får inflytande över valutavalet. Anledningen har att göra med att pengar just är en nätverksvara. I den andra artikeln tas ekonomen Carl Mengers monetära skrifter upp i ett doktrinhistoriskt perspektiv. Det undersöks om Carl Menger kan sägas vara en föregångare inom de teorier och modeller som idag analyserar pengar som en nätverksvara. Slutsatserna är blandade. Man kan konstatera att delar av Mengers idéer har klara paralleller med dagens diskussion om pengar som en nätverksvara. Analysen är dock inte tillräckligt distinkt kopplad till detta fenomen. Samtidigt tycks det saknas tillräckligt djup i analysen kring pengar som en nätverksvara för att Menger ska kunna kallas en föregångare i alla dess bemärkelser.



Den tredje artikeln analyserar övergången till och införandet av euron i euro-länderna. Övergången till euro i form av sedlar gick olika snabbt i dessa länder. Syftet är att hitta orsaker som kan hjälpa till att förklara dessa nationella skillnader. Artikeln finner att den initiala ”fördistributionen” av eurosedlar, storleken på landet, tidslängden när nationella sedlar och eurosedlar cirkulerade samtidigt och antalet banker per capita kan förklara en stor del av de nationella skillnaderna. De första två av dessa orsaker stödjer tanken på att pengar är en nätverksvara. Det har inte kunnat påvisas att psykologiska faktorer såsom nationalism eller europeisk identitet har haft någon effekt.



Den fjärde och sista artikeln analyserar teoretiskt hur övergången till en ny valuta kan gå till. Två olika typer av modeller tas fram. Den första typen är nätverksmodeller, som baseras på antagandet att pengar är en nätverksvara. Den andra typen kallas för velocitets-modeller och baseras på antagandet att det finns olika sektorer i en ekonomi där pengarna byts ut med olika varierande hastigheter. Dessa modeller kan generera olika s k adoptionsfunktioner som visar hur stor andel av den nya valutan som finns ute i ekonomin vid en viss tidpunkt. Båda typerna av modeller kan generera just den specifika övergång till ny valuta som kunde iakttas vid införandet av Euron. En viss nätverksmodell kan också generera s k S-formade adoptionsfunktioner som är vanligt förekommande i den empiriska litteraturen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Selgin, George
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
economic systems, economic policy, ekonomiska system, ekonomisk politik, economic theory, econometrics, Economics, network externality, network effect, Euro, EMU, monetary union, parallel currencies, monetary reforms, monetary systems, money, Currency, Nationalekonomi, ekonometri, ekonomisk teori
in
Lund Economic Studies
volume
no. 117
pages
123 pages
publisher
Department of Economics, Lund University
defense location
EC3:210
defense date
2004-01-23 10:15:00
ISSN
0460-0029
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Article: 1. Market and Political Selection of Currency - a Network Approach. Article: 2. Carl Menger and the Network Theory of Money. Article: 3. The Euro Cash Changeover Process. Article: 4. The Adoption of a New Currency.
id
4de8bee9-d827-4d37-aa21-2564efc08f6b (old id 466525)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 15:59:13
date last changed
2019-05-21 16:50:00
@phdthesis{4de8bee9-d827-4d37-aa21-2564efc08f6b,
  abstract     = {{This thesis contains four separate papers in the field of monetary economics. The common basis for all the papers is that they deal with money and network effects in one way or another. Although the common basis is the same in all the articles, different approaches are used: theory, econometrics and history of economic thought.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
This first essay focuses on the network effect in the use of money and the problems associated with this. A two-currency model is constructed to derive conditions about Nash equilibria inducing monetary unions and parallel currencies. Individual differences among the population are allowed, in contrast to a representative agent model. Equilibria are derived both when rational individuals make currency choices individually and when choices are made by vote maximizing politicians. The results are compared and evaluated according to the Pareto criterion. It is shown that neither political decision, nor the market process will guarantee an efficient outcome. The political solution will, however, more often give preferable solutions.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Carl Menger has been cited as a forerunner to the network theory of money. The second essay analyzes Carl Menger's monetary theory and evaluates whether he was aware of the network characteristic of money. The analysis is focused on the German word Absatzfähigkeit, which is defined and analyzed by Menger and is central in his monetary theory. An English translation of this word can be marketability or saleability. Parts of this concept cover an essential idea behind the network property of a potential medium of exchange. The result is, nevertheless, mixed. It cannot be said that his analysis is complete enough to call him a forerunner in all respects.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
In the third essay the changeover process from the local national currency to the Euro in the countries participating in the third stage of EMU is described and analyzed. The article tries to find factors that can help to explain the different pace of transition between the countries introducing Euro bank notes. It is found that the initial supply of Euros, the country size, the duration of dual circulation and the number of bank branches (per capita) in the economy explain a large part of the variation in the pace of adoption. The first two factors can have its origin in the network property of currency. Psychological factors, such as nationalism, have not been found to significantly influence the outcome.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The final essay analyzes the adoption pattern of a new currency. The purpose of the essay is to construct two different types of models, network models and mechanical velocity models, which may help to explain the adoption path and to enrich the theories explaining the adoption process of a new currency. It is shown that network models can generate both concave, convex and S-shaped adoption functions. The velocity models can only generate concave adoption functions. Both types of models can be used to derive the observed concave adoption pattern during the currency exchange period experienced in all Euro area countries.}},
  author       = {{Stenkula, Mikael}},
  issn         = {{0460-0029}},
  keywords     = {{economic systems; economic policy; ekonomiska system; ekonomisk politik; economic theory; econometrics; Economics; network externality; network effect; Euro; EMU; monetary union; parallel currencies; monetary reforms; monetary systems; money; Currency; Nationalekonomi; ekonometri; ekonomisk teori}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Economics, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund Economic Studies}},
  title        = {{Essays on Network Effects and Money}},
  volume       = {{no. 117}},
  year         = {{2003}},
}