Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
(2021) In Scientific Reports 11(1).- Abstract
Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardium of harbor seals also exhibit metabolic adaptations including increased cardiac lactate-dehydrogenase-activity, exceeding their hypoxic limit. We hypothesized that the myocardium of BHD possesses similar adaptive mechanisms. During maximum apnea 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) revealed no myocardial perfusion deficits but increased myocardial blood flow (MBF). Cardiac MRI determined blood oxygen level dependence oxygenation (n = 8) after 4 min of apnea was... (More)
Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardium of harbor seals also exhibit metabolic adaptations including increased cardiac lactate-dehydrogenase-activity, exceeding their hypoxic limit. We hypothesized that the myocardium of BHD possesses similar adaptive mechanisms. During maximum apnea 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) revealed no myocardial perfusion deficits but increased myocardial blood flow (MBF). Cardiac MRI determined blood oxygen level dependence oxygenation (n = 8) after 4 min of apnea was unaltered compared to rest, whereas cine-MRI demonstrated increased left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT). Arterial blood gases were collected after warm-up and maximum apnea in a pool. At the end of the maximum pool apnea (5 min), arterial saturation decreased to 52%, and lactate decreased 20%. Our findings contrast with previous MR studies of BHD, that reported elevated cardiac troponins and decreased myocardial perfusion after 4 min of apnea. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time with 15O-H2O-PET/CT and MRI in elite BHD during maximum apnea, that MBF and LVWT increases while lactate decreases, indicating anaerobic/fat-based cardiac-metabolism similar to diving mammals.
(Less)
- author
- organization
- publishing date
- 2021
- type
- Contribution to journal
- publication status
- published
- subject
- keywords
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Apnea/metabolism, Blood Gas Analysis, Blood Pressure, Breath Holding, Diving, Female, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hypoxia/metabolism, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardium/metabolism, Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
- in
- Scientific Reports
- volume
- 11
- issue
- 1
- article number
- 2545
- publisher
- Nature Publishing Group
- external identifiers
-
- scopus:85099801849
- pmid:33510292
- ISSN
- 2045-2322
- DOI
- 10.1038/s41598-021-81797-1
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- id
- 6be0daaa-713b-4769-b9f1-c1b1915da897
- date added to LUP
- 2022-03-16 11:12:53
- date last changed
- 2024-08-08 16:24:25
@article{6be0daaa-713b-4769-b9f1-c1b1915da897, abstract = {{<p>Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardium of harbor seals also exhibit metabolic adaptations including increased cardiac lactate-dehydrogenase-activity, exceeding their hypoxic limit. We hypothesized that the myocardium of BHD possesses similar adaptive mechanisms. During maximum apnea 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) revealed no myocardial perfusion deficits but increased myocardial blood flow (MBF). Cardiac MRI determined blood oxygen level dependence oxygenation (n = 8) after 4 min of apnea was unaltered compared to rest, whereas cine-MRI demonstrated increased left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT). Arterial blood gases were collected after warm-up and maximum apnea in a pool. At the end of the maximum pool apnea (5 min), arterial saturation decreased to 52%, and lactate decreased 20%. Our findings contrast with previous MR studies of BHD, that reported elevated cardiac troponins and decreased myocardial perfusion after 4 min of apnea. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time with 15O-H2O-PET/CT and MRI in elite BHD during maximum apnea, that MBF and LVWT increases while lactate decreases, indicating anaerobic/fat-based cardiac-metabolism similar to diving mammals.</p>}}, author = {{Kjeld, Thomas and Møller, Jakob and Fogh, Kristian and Hansen, Egon Godthaab and Arendrup, Henrik Christian and Isbrand, Anders Brenøe and Zerahn, Bo and Højberg, Jens and Ostenfeld, Ellen and Thomsen, Henrik and Gormsen, Lars Christian and Carlsson, Marcus}}, issn = {{2045-2322}}, keywords = {{Adaptation, Physiological; Adult; Apnea/metabolism; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Breath Holding; Diving; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypoxia/metabolism; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardium/metabolism; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography}}, language = {{eng}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}}, series = {{Scientific Reports}}, title = {{Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers}}, url = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81797-1}}, doi = {{10.1038/s41598-021-81797-1}}, volume = {{11}}, year = {{2021}}, }