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Stroke in the Long Term. Prognosis, comorbidity, disability, readmission, and the caregiver perspective

Sennfält, Stefan LU (2020) In Lund University, Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
Abstract
Background: Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability. Prognosis is constantly evolving and is affected by multiple factors, many of which have not previously been thoroughly analyzed. This thesis aims to provide an updated and comprehensive description of long-term prognosis after stroke, specifically exploring key factors such as comorbidity (Study II), pre-stroke functional dependency (Study III), readmission patterns (Study IV), and strain and well-being in informal caregivers (Study V).

Method: The thesis describes patients registered in the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) in 2011 and 2013. Beyond Riksstroke’s regular follow-up surveys at three and 12 months, additional long-term surveys were conducted at three... (More)
Background: Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability. Prognosis is constantly evolving and is affected by multiple factors, many of which have not previously been thoroughly analyzed. This thesis aims to provide an updated and comprehensive description of long-term prognosis after stroke, specifically exploring key factors such as comorbidity (Study II), pre-stroke functional dependency (Study III), readmission patterns (Study IV), and strain and well-being in informal caregivers (Study V).

Method: The thesis describes patients registered in the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) in 2011 and 2013. Beyond Riksstroke’s regular follow-up surveys at three and 12 months, additional long-term surveys were conducted at three years (2013 cohort) and at five years (2011 cohort), which also enquired about the situation of informal caregivers.
Data on comorbidity were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to guide selection of which chronic conditions to include. The Swedish National Patient Register also provided data on hospital readmissions.
The modified Drug Rankin Scale was used to classify dependency level, and dependency was defined as a score of >3.
Bivariate, multivariable, and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed and multiple imputation was used to minimize bias from loss to follow-up.

Results: The common thesis cohort comprised 22 905 patients, and different subgroups were included in the individual studies. Total loss to follow-up was 12.7% at three months, 21.2% at 12 months, 20.3% at three years, and 16.9% at five years.
Study I included the whole common cohort and provides a prognostic overview of both ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). At five years after stroke, over two out of three patients with IS, and over three out of four patients with ICH, were either deceased or functionally dependent. The less favourable prognosis for ICH was largely explained by a higher early mortality.
Study II included 11 775 pre-stroke independent IS patients. Comorbidity was common and had strong implications for long-term survival and functional outcome in all age groups. The largest effects were found for dementia, kidney and heart failure.
Study III showed great heterogeneity among 5899 pre-stroke dependent IS patients. In those of severe pre-stroke dependency, comorbidity burden was higher, drug prescription was lower, and prognosis less favourable.
Study IV included 10 092 pre-stroke dependent and independent IS patients. Readmission was common, particularly in the early phase after stroke, and a small group of patients with high comorbidity burden accounted for the majority of readmissions. The dominating cause was circulatory conditions.
Study V explored the situation of 5063 informal caregivers to stroke patients. Life impact, need of support, and poor psychological well-being increased with degree of dependency of the stroke survivor. In caregivers to completely dependent survivors, 51.4% reported poor psychological well-being.

Conclusions: The thesis describes substantial heterogeneity among stroke patients which is reflected in great variations in long-term prognosis, readmission patterns, and caregiver strain. This warrants a stratified and comprehensive approach to long-term support, healthcare, and research, which should also include informal caregivers. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Stroke är en mycket vanlig sjukdom och idag räknar man med att det finns över 140 000 drabbade i Sverige som lever med varierande grad av funktionell nedsättning. Prognosen efter stroke påverkas av många olika faktorer varav flera tidigare inte fått så mycket uppmärksamhet. Den här avhandlingen ämnar ge en heltäckande bild av långtidsprognosen och varje delarbete fokuserar på olika viktiga aspekter såsom samsjuklighet, funktionsnedsättning innan stroke, återinläggningar samt de anhörigas situation.

Projektet bygger på data från Riksstroke, det svenska kvalitetsregistret för strokesjukvård, och mer specifikt en långtidsuppföljning som genomfördes år 2016 av patienter som insjuknat tre eller fem år tidigare (över 22 000 inkluderade... (More)
Stroke är en mycket vanlig sjukdom och idag räknar man med att det finns över 140 000 drabbade i Sverige som lever med varierande grad av funktionell nedsättning. Prognosen efter stroke påverkas av många olika faktorer varav flera tidigare inte fått så mycket uppmärksamhet. Den här avhandlingen ämnar ge en heltäckande bild av långtidsprognosen och varje delarbete fokuserar på olika viktiga aspekter såsom samsjuklighet, funktionsnedsättning innan stroke, återinläggningar samt de anhörigas situation.

Projektet bygger på data från Riksstroke, det svenska kvalitetsregistret för strokesjukvård, och mer specifikt en långtidsuppföljning som genomfördes år 2016 av patienter som insjuknat tre eller fem år tidigare (över 22 000 inkluderade patienter) och deras anhöriga. Data har även inhämtats från bland annat Patientregistret, SCBs befolkningsregister samt Läkemedelsregistret.

Delarbete 1 beskriver överlevnad och funktionsförmåga upp till fem år efter ischemisk stroke respektive hjärnblödning (vilket också räknas som en typ av stroke). Både överlevnad och funktionsförmåga var lägre för hjärnblödning vid samtliga uppföljningstillfällen. Efter fem år var hela 79 % av dessa patienter avlidna eller beroende av hjälp i vardagen jämfört med 70,6 % av de som drabbats av ischemisk stroke.

Delprojekt 2 fokuserar på samsjuklighet vid stroke och den prognostiska betydelsen av detta. Samsjuklighet definieras som de kroniska tillstånd patienter har utöver att ha drabbats av en stroke. Ca 75% av alla patienter i studien hade någon form av samsjuklighet och andelen döda eller funktionellt beroende steg kraftigt med grad av sjukdomsbörda. Bland enskilda sjukdomar var demens starkast associerad med dålig prognos följt av njur- och hjärtsvikt.

Delprojekt 3 beskriver karaktäristika, behandling och prognos för strokepatienter som redan innan insjuknandet var beroende av hjälp och stöd i vardagen. Arbetet visade på stora olikheter inom den här gruppen: sämre funktionsförmåga innan stroke var associerat med mer samsjuklighet, mindre medicinering och sämre prognos.

Delprojekt 4 kartlägger återinläggningar på sjukhus under de fem första åren efter stroke. Återinläggning var mycket vanligt, i synnerhet under de första sex månaderna, och en liten grupp individer med hög grad av samsjuklighet stod för den allra största delen. Ungefär 20% av patienterna visade sig stå för 60% av återinläggningarna. Den totalt sett dominerande orsaken till återinläggning var kardiovaskulära sjukdomar men orsaker varierade över tid och mellan patienter med få respektive många återinläggningar.

Delprojekt 5 beskriver de anhörigas situation. Den stora mängden hjälp och stöd de gav den strokedrabbade var associerat med påtagliga begränsningar och psykisk ohälsa. I gruppen anhöriga till drabbade med mycket stora behov kunde över 40 % inte lämna den drabbade längre än en timme i taget, 23 % hade behov av mer stöd för egen del och över hälften uppgav psykisk ohälsa.

Sammanfattningsvis beskriver avhandlingen långtidsprognos efter stroke ur många olika perspektiv utifrån ett stort och tillförlitligt material. Resultaten understryker komplexiteten och variabiliteten hos strokepatienter vilket kommer till uttryck i stora skillnader i prognos, återinläggningsmönster, och påverkan på anhöriga. Ett gott omhändertagande i det längre perspektivet kräver därför ett stratifierat tillvägagångssätt där patienter med olika egenskaper och förutsättningar hanteras olika. Det är också nödvändigt med en helhetssyn där många olika faktorer (såsom funktionsnedsättning och samsjuklighet) tas i beaktan. Dessutom visar resultaten på betydelsen av att även stödja anhöriga som ofta står för den allra största vårdinsatsen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Mathiesen, Ellisiv B, Uit Norges arktiske universitet
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Strokeuppföljning, Ischemisk stroke, Hjärnblödning, Samsjuklighet, Anhöriga, Återinläggning, Stroke Outcome, Ischemic Stroke, Intracerebral Haemorrhage, Comorbidity, Informal Caregivers, Readmission
in
Lund University, Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
issue
2020:89
pages
120 pages
publisher
Lund University, Faculty of Medicine
defense location
Stora Algatans hörsal 128, Lund
defense date
2020-09-18 13:00:00
ISSN
1652-8220
ISBN
978-91-7619-951-0
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
c9932201-becc-46fa-91c4-4243960720e7
date added to LUP
2020-08-31 22:16:51
date last changed
2020-09-07 12:35:39
@phdthesis{c9932201-becc-46fa-91c4-4243960720e7,
  abstract     = {{Background: Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability. Prognosis is constantly evolving and is affected by multiple factors, many of which have not previously been thoroughly analyzed. This thesis aims to provide an updated and comprehensive description of long-term prognosis after stroke, specifically exploring key factors such as comorbidity (Study II), pre-stroke functional dependency (Study III), readmission patterns (Study IV), and strain and well-being in informal caregivers (Study V).<br>
<br>
Method: The thesis describes patients registered in the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) in 2011 and 2013. Beyond Riksstroke’s regular follow-up surveys at three and 12 months, additional long-term surveys were conducted at three years (2013 cohort) and at five years (2011 cohort), which also enquired about the situation of informal caregivers.<br>
Data on comorbidity were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to guide selection of which chronic conditions to include. The Swedish National Patient Register also provided data on hospital readmissions.<br>
The modified Drug Rankin Scale was used to classify dependency level, and dependency was defined as a score of &gt;3.<br>
Bivariate, multivariable, and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed and multiple imputation was used to minimize bias from loss to follow-up.<br>
<br>
Results: The common thesis cohort comprised 22 905 patients, and different subgroups were included in the individual studies. Total loss to follow-up was 12.7% at three months, 21.2% at 12 months, 20.3% at three years, and 16.9% at five years.<br>
Study I included the whole common cohort and provides a prognostic overview of both ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). At five years after stroke, over two out of three patients with IS, and over three out of four patients with ICH, were either deceased or functionally dependent. The less favourable prognosis for ICH was largely explained by a higher early mortality.<br>
Study II included 11 775 pre-stroke independent IS patients. Comorbidity was common and had strong implications for long-term survival and functional outcome in all age groups. The largest effects were found for dementia, kidney and heart failure.<br>
Study III showed great heterogeneity among 5899 pre-stroke dependent IS patients. In those of severe pre-stroke dependency, comorbidity burden was higher, drug prescription was lower, and prognosis less favourable.<br>
Study IV included 10 092 pre-stroke dependent and independent IS patients. Readmission was common, particularly in the early phase after stroke, and a small group of patients with high comorbidity burden accounted for the majority of readmissions. The dominating cause was circulatory conditions.<br>
Study V explored the situation of 5063 informal caregivers to stroke patients. Life impact, need of support, and poor psychological well-being increased with degree of dependency of the stroke survivor. In caregivers to completely dependent survivors, 51.4% reported poor psychological well-being.<br>
<br>
Conclusions: The thesis describes substantial heterogeneity among stroke patients which is reflected in great variations in long-term prognosis, readmission patterns, and caregiver strain. This warrants a stratified and comprehensive approach to long-term support, healthcare, and research, which should also include informal caregivers.}},
  author       = {{Sennfält, Stefan}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-7619-951-0}},
  issn         = {{1652-8220}},
  keywords     = {{Strokeuppföljning; Ischemisk stroke; Hjärnblödning; Samsjuklighet; Anhöriga; Återinläggning; Stroke Outcome; Ischemic Stroke; Intracerebral Haemorrhage; Comorbidity; Informal Caregivers; Readmission}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2020:89}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University, Faculty of Medicine}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund University, Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series}},
  title        = {{Stroke in the Long Term. Prognosis, comorbidity, disability, readmission, and the caregiver perspective}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/83274707/Stefan_Sennf_lt_thesis.pdf}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}