The Statistical Advantages of Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy for Estimating Intersectional Inequalities
(2025) In Sociological Methods and Research- Abstract
Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) is a multilevel regression approach grounded in intersectionality theory. It examines inequalities across intersections of social identities (e.g., gender, ethnicity, class) and is argued to provide more accurate predictions of intersectional means than conventional methods that estimate group means directly or via regressions with all interactions. This study evaluates that claim using analytic expressions and an empirical illustration to compare simple and MAIHDA-predicted means against population values. Predictive accuracy is assessed via variance, correlation, bias, and mean squared error. Results show that MAIHDA estimates generally outperform... (More)
Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) is a multilevel regression approach grounded in intersectionality theory. It examines inequalities across intersections of social identities (e.g., gender, ethnicity, class) and is argued to provide more accurate predictions of intersectional means than conventional methods that estimate group means directly or via regressions with all interactions. This study evaluates that claim using analytic expressions and an empirical illustration to compare simple and MAIHDA-predicted means against population values. Predictive accuracy is assessed via variance, correlation, bias, and mean squared error. Results show that MAIHDA estimates generally outperform simple means, particularly when decomposing intersectional means into additive and non-additive identity effects. The magnitude of the advantage depends on inequality patterns and group sample sizes. MAIHDA is especially valuable when inequalities are subtle or data for marginalized intersections are sparse—conditions common in practice. These findings highlight MAIHDA's practical relevance for quantitative intersectionality research.
(Less)
- author
- Leckie, George
LU
; Bell, Andrew
; Merlo, Juan
LU
; Subramanian, SV V.
LU
and Evans, Clare
- organization
- publishing date
- 2025
- type
- Contribution to journal
- publication status
- epub
- subject
- keywords
- empirical Bayes, inequalities, intersectionality, multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy, multilevel models, posterior means, predicted means
- in
- Sociological Methods and Research
- article number
- 00491241251385123
- publisher
- SAGE Publications
- external identifiers
-
- scopus:105019608571
- ISSN
- 0049-1241
- DOI
- 10.1177/00491241251385123
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- additional info
- Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
- id
- 08eafcd9-1c77-4c54-9a01-d7a69b855c8b
- date added to LUP
- 2026-01-16 15:32:50
- date last changed
- 2026-01-17 03:18:44
@article{08eafcd9-1c77-4c54-9a01-d7a69b855c8b,
abstract = {{<p>Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) is a multilevel regression approach grounded in intersectionality theory. It examines inequalities across intersections of social identities (e.g., gender, ethnicity, class) and is argued to provide more accurate predictions of intersectional means than conventional methods that estimate group means directly or via regressions with all interactions. This study evaluates that claim using analytic expressions and an empirical illustration to compare simple and MAIHDA-predicted means against population values. Predictive accuracy is assessed via variance, correlation, bias, and mean squared error. Results show that MAIHDA estimates generally outperform simple means, particularly when decomposing intersectional means into additive and non-additive identity effects. The magnitude of the advantage depends on inequality patterns and group sample sizes. MAIHDA is especially valuable when inequalities are subtle or data for marginalized intersections are sparse—conditions common in practice. These findings highlight MAIHDA's practical relevance for quantitative intersectionality research.</p>}},
author = {{Leckie, George and Bell, Andrew and Merlo, Juan and Subramanian, SV V. and Evans, Clare}},
issn = {{0049-1241}},
keywords = {{empirical Bayes; inequalities; intersectionality; multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy; multilevel models; posterior means; predicted means}},
language = {{eng}},
publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
series = {{Sociological Methods and Research}},
title = {{The Statistical Advantages of Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy for Estimating Intersectional Inequalities}},
url = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00491241251385123}},
doi = {{10.1177/00491241251385123}},
year = {{2025}},
}