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The Role of Smoking and Diet in Explaining Educational Inequalities in Lung Cancer Incidence.

Menvielle, Gwenn ; Boshuizen, Hendriek ; Kunst, Anton E ; Dalton, Susanne O ; Vineis, Paolo ; Bergmann, Manuela M ; Hermann, Silke ; Ferrari, Pietro ; Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole and Tjønneland, Anne , et al. (2009) In Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101(5). p.321-330
Abstract
Background Studies in many countries have reported higher lung cancer incidence and mortality in individuals with lower socioeconomic status. Methods To investigate the role of smoking in these inequalities, we used data from 391 251 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a cohort of individuals in 10 European countries. We collected information on smoking (history and quantity), fruit and vegetable consumption, and education through questionnaires at study entry and gathered data on lung cancer incidence for a mean of 8.4 years. Socioeconomic status was defined as the highest attained level of education, and participants were grouped by sex and region of residence (Northern Europe, Germany,... (More)
Background Studies in many countries have reported higher lung cancer incidence and mortality in individuals with lower socioeconomic status. Methods To investigate the role of smoking in these inequalities, we used data from 391 251 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a cohort of individuals in 10 European countries. We collected information on smoking (history and quantity), fruit and vegetable consumption, and education through questionnaires at study entry and gathered data on lung cancer incidence for a mean of 8.4 years. Socioeconomic status was defined as the highest attained level of education, and participants were grouped by sex and region of residence (Northern Europe, Germany, or Southern Europe). Relative indices of inequality (RIIs) of lung cancer risk unadjusted and adjusted for smoking were estimated using Cox regression models. Additional analyses were performed by histological type. Results During the study period, 939 men and 692 women developed lung cancer. Inequalities in lung cancer risk (RII(men) = 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.77 to 4.73, 117 vs 52 per 100 000 person-years for lowest vs highest education level; RII(women) = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.77 to 3.21, 46 vs 25 per 100 000 person-years) decreased after adjustment for smoking but remained statistically significant (RII(men) = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.75 to 3.01; RII(women) = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.13). Large RIIs were observed among men and women in Northern European countries and among men in Germany, but inequalities in lung cancer risk were reverse (RIIs < 1) among women in Southern European countries. Inequalities differed by histological type. Adjustment for smoking reduced inequalities similarly for all histological types and among men and women in all regions. In all analysis, further adjustment for fruit and vegetable consumption did not change the estimates. Conclusion Self-reported smoking consistently explains approximately 50% of the inequalities in lung cancer risk due to differences in education. (Less)
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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
in
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
volume
101
issue
5
pages
321 - 330
publisher
Oxford University Press
external identifiers
  • wos:000263962000013
  • pmid:19244178
  • scopus:62349133401
  • pmid:19244178
ISSN
1460-2105
DOI
10.1093/jnci/djn513
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
e386dfae-432d-43c9-b2dc-36c6602a5063 (old id 1302125)
alternative location
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19244178?dopt=Abstract
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 09:17:53
date last changed
2022-03-07 23:59:20
@article{e386dfae-432d-43c9-b2dc-36c6602a5063,
  abstract     = {{Background Studies in many countries have reported higher lung cancer incidence and mortality in individuals with lower socioeconomic status. Methods To investigate the role of smoking in these inequalities, we used data from 391 251 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a cohort of individuals in 10 European countries. We collected information on smoking (history and quantity), fruit and vegetable consumption, and education through questionnaires at study entry and gathered data on lung cancer incidence for a mean of 8.4 years. Socioeconomic status was defined as the highest attained level of education, and participants were grouped by sex and region of residence (Northern Europe, Germany, or Southern Europe). Relative indices of inequality (RIIs) of lung cancer risk unadjusted and adjusted for smoking were estimated using Cox regression models. Additional analyses were performed by histological type. Results During the study period, 939 men and 692 women developed lung cancer. Inequalities in lung cancer risk (RII(men) = 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.77 to 4.73, 117 vs 52 per 100 000 person-years for lowest vs highest education level; RII(women) = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.77 to 3.21, 46 vs 25 per 100 000 person-years) decreased after adjustment for smoking but remained statistically significant (RII(men) = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.75 to 3.01; RII(women) = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.13). Large RIIs were observed among men and women in Northern European countries and among men in Germany, but inequalities in lung cancer risk were reverse (RIIs &lt; 1) among women in Southern European countries. Inequalities differed by histological type. Adjustment for smoking reduced inequalities similarly for all histological types and among men and women in all regions. In all analysis, further adjustment for fruit and vegetable consumption did not change the estimates. Conclusion Self-reported smoking consistently explains approximately 50% of the inequalities in lung cancer risk due to differences in education.}},
  author       = {{Menvielle, Gwenn and Boshuizen, Hendriek and Kunst, Anton E and Dalton, Susanne O and Vineis, Paolo and Bergmann, Manuela M and Hermann, Silke and Ferrari, Pietro and Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole and Tjønneland, Anne and Kaaks, Rudolf and Linseisen, Jakob and Kosti, Maria and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Dilis, Vardis and Palli, Domenico and Krogh, Vittorio and Panico, Salvatore and Tumino, Rosario and Büchner, Frederike L and van Gils, Carla H and Peeters, Petra H M and Braaten, Tonje and Gram, Inger T and Lund, Eiliv and Rodriguez, Laudina and Agudo, Antonio and Sánchez, Maria-José and Tormo, Maria-José and Ardanaz, Eva and Manjer, Jonas and Wirfält, Elisabet and Hallmans, Göran and Rasmuson, Torgny and Bingham, Sheila and Khaw, Kay-Tee and Allen, Naomi and Key, Tim and Boffetta, Paolo and Duell, Eric J and Slimani, Nadia and Gallo, Valentina and Riboli, Elio and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas}},
  issn         = {{1460-2105}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{321--330}},
  publisher    = {{Oxford University Press}},
  series       = {{Journal of the National Cancer Institute}},
  title        = {{The Role of Smoking and Diet in Explaining Educational Inequalities in Lung Cancer Incidence.}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn513}},
  doi          = {{10.1093/jnci/djn513}},
  volume       = {{101}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}