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Recovery from Breast Cancer : Investigating the role of resilience in breast cancer survivorship

Velickovic, Katarina LU (2022)
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common event among women, one in ten women receiving a breast cancer diagnosis in their lifetime. The experience of breast cancer is a complex process that entails a multitude of interlinked potentially highly stressful events. It is thus evident that the manner in which one reacts to such stressors can have a substantial impact on both physical and mental health. Resilience is a construct that encompasses a positive adaptation to adverse events, and has been shown to be associated with both physical and mental health-related outcomes in breast cancer patients and survivors. Nevertheless, resilience is a complex construct which has been poorly operationalized in previous research. Additionally, there is a gap in research... (More)
Breast cancer is a common event among women, one in ten women receiving a breast cancer diagnosis in their lifetime. The experience of breast cancer is a complex process that entails a multitude of interlinked potentially highly stressful events. It is thus evident that the manner in which one reacts to such stressors can have a substantial impact on both physical and mental health. Resilience is a construct that encompasses a positive adaptation to adverse events, and has been shown to be associated with both physical and mental health-related outcomes in breast cancer patients and survivors. Nevertheless, resilience is a complex construct which has been poorly operationalized in previous research. Additionally, there is a gap in research on how resilience changes over time, how these changes relate to the recovery process, as well as the lived experiences relevant for resilience in breast cancer survivors. The present thesis aims to address these gaps in knowledge. The general aim of this thesis was to better understand the role of resilience in recovery from breast cancer. The main aim of Study I was to elucidate the factor structure of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the most widely used instrument for assessing resilience, as well as to determine its discriminant and predictive validity in the Swedish non-clinical setting. The aim of Study II was to explore whether resilience changes from the time of receiving a breast cancer diagnosis to after treatment, as well as whether these changes in resilience mediate or moderate physical and mental health-related recovery from breast cancer. It also aimed to identify biopsychosocial risk factors for poor or slower recovery. Study III aimed to explore the lived experiences and aspects of resilience among breast cancer survivors.
Study I suggested that a 22-item unidimensional model of CD-RISC should be retained. It suggested that factors related to religion and spirituality may not play a role in resilience in this setting. Study I found that CD-RISC had good discriminant validity, being a separate construct from emotion regulation. Moreover, it had good predictive validity, as it predicted physical and mental health-related quality of life after adjusting for health and sociodemographic factors. Study II found that resilience was associated with both mental and physical health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients across time. However, resilience did not change substantially over time, and the process of recovery could thus not be explained by the changes in resilience. More resilient patients over time also did not have a faster recovery. Nevertheless, resilience was found to be protective, especially for mental health at diagnosis. Study II also identified a variety of clinical and sociodemographic factors which may be risk factors for poorer recovery, most notably ER negative and HER2 positive tumors, more advanced cancer at diagnosis, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, and lower socioeconomic status. Study III identified three important aspects relevant for resilience in breast cancer survivors. Having agency in relation to one’s health, treatment procedures, feelings, thoughts, and daily functioning was one important aspect of resilience. Important others play a complex direct and indirect role in resilience in the context of breast cancer. Conceptualizing breast cancer as a closed chapter as opposed to a constant was an important aspect of resilience throughout survivorship.
Overall, the studies included in this thesis suggest that resilience plays an important role in breast cancer survivorship, with implications for not only mental, but also physical health. Interventions aimed at enhancing resilience in breast cancer survivors may focus on increasing agency and social support, as well as changing beliefs about the finality of breast cancer. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Bröstcancer är vanligt förekommande bland kvinnor, en av tio kvinnor får en bröstcancerdiagnos under sin livstid. Upplevelsen av bröstcancer är en komplex process, som innebär ett flertal sammanlänkade stressfulla händelser. Det är därför tydligt att sättet personen reagerar på sådana stressorer kan ha en betydande påverkan på både fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Resiliens är ett konstrukt som innefattar en positiv anpassning till skadliga händelser, och har visat sig vara associerat med både fysiska och mentala hälsorelaterade utfall bland bröstcancerpatienter och överlevare av bröstcancer. Trots detta är resiliens ett komplex konstrukt som i tidigare forskning har varit bristfälligt operationaliserat. Vidare, finns det i forskningen begränsad... (More)
Bröstcancer är vanligt förekommande bland kvinnor, en av tio kvinnor får en bröstcancerdiagnos under sin livstid. Upplevelsen av bröstcancer är en komplex process, som innebär ett flertal sammanlänkade stressfulla händelser. Det är därför tydligt att sättet personen reagerar på sådana stressorer kan ha en betydande påverkan på både fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Resiliens är ett konstrukt som innefattar en positiv anpassning till skadliga händelser, och har visat sig vara associerat med både fysiska och mentala hälsorelaterade utfall bland bröstcancerpatienter och överlevare av bröstcancer. Trots detta är resiliens ett komplex konstrukt som i tidigare forskning har varit bristfälligt operationaliserat. Vidare, finns det i forskningen begränsad kunskap kring hur resiliens förändras över tid, hur dessa förändringar förhåller sig till återhämtningsprocessen, och bröstcanceröverlevares levda erfarenheter relevanta för resiliens. Den föreliggande avhandlingen syftar till att adressera dessa kunskapsluckor. Det övergripande syftet är att bättre förstå vilken roll resiliens spelar i återhämtning från bröstcancer. Det huvudsakliga syftet med Studie I var att klargöra faktorstrukturen av the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), det mest använda instrumentet för att mäta resiliens, och att utvärdera dess diskriminanta och prediktiva validitet i en svensk icke-klinisk kontext. Syftet med studie II var att undersöka om resiliens förändras från tidpunkten då bröstcancerdiagnosen ställs, till efter behandling, och huruvida förändring i resiliens medierar eller modererar fysisk och psykisk hälsorelaterad återhämtning från bröstcancer. Studien syftade även till att identifiera biopsykosociala riskfaktorer för sämre eller långsam återhämtning. Studie III syftade till att undersöka levda erfarenheter relevanta för resiliens bland bröstcanceröverlevare.
Studie I indikerade att den endimensionella modellen av CD-risk med 22 items bör bibehållas. Studien indikerade även att faktorer kopplade till religion och spiritualitet inte har betydelse för resiliens i den undersökta kontexten. Studie I fann att CD-RISC har god diskriminant validitet, resiliens är ett separat konstrukt från emotionsreglering. Vidare fann studien att instrumentet hade god prediktiv validitet, då det predicerade fysisk och mental hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, efter kontroll för hälso- och sociodemografiska faktorer. Studie II fann att resiliens var associerat med både psykisk och fysisk hälsorelaterad livskvalitet bland bröstcancerpatienter över tid. Resiliens förändrades däremot inte på ett substantiellt sätt över tid, och återhämtningsprocessen kunde därmed inte förklaras av förändringen i resiliens. Patienter med högre grad av resiliens hade inte en snabbare återhämtning över tid. Dock fann studien att resiliens var en skyddande faktor, särskilt för mental hälsa vid diagnostillfället. Studie II identifierade även en rad kliniska och sociodemografiska faktorer som kan utgöra riskfaktorer för försämrad återhämtning, där de mest noterbara var ER-negativa och HER2-positiva tumörer, mer framskriden cancer vid diagnostillfället, att få adjuvant kemoterapi, och lägre socioekonomisk status. Studie III identifierade tre betydelsefulla aspekter relevanta för resiliens bland bröstcancerpatienter. Att ha agens i relation till sin egen hälsa, sina behandlingsprocedurer, känslor, tankar, och sitt dagliga fungerande var en viktig aspekt av resiliens. Betydelsefulla andra spelar en komplex direkt och indirekt roll för resiliens inom kontexten av bröstcancer. Att konceptualisera bröstcancer som ett avslutat kapitel jämfört med att se det som något konstant, var en viktig aspekt av resiliens genom överlevandeskapet.
Sammantaget tyder studierna inkluderade i den föreliggande avhandlingen på att resiliens spelar en viktig roll i överlevandet av bröstcancer, med implikationer för inte bara psykisk, utan även fysisk hälsa. Interventioner som syftar till att stärka resiliens bland bröstcanceröverlevare kan fokusera på att öka agens och socialt stöd, samt att förändra uppfattningar kring bröstcancerns slutgiltighet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Andersson, Gerhard, University of Linköping
organization
alternative title
Återhämtning från bröstcancer : Rollen av resiliens i överlevnad av bröstcancer
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Breast Cancer, Resilience, Health-Related Quality of Life, Survivorship
pages
160 pages
publisher
Lund University
defense location
Eden´s auditorium, Paradisgatan 5H, 223 50 Lund
defense date
2022-12-19 10:00:00
ISBN
978-91-8039-473-4
978-91-8039-474-1
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
33fa5e5e-8609-44f0-af23-1f91424501c5
date added to LUP
2022-11-30 15:36:38
date last changed
2022-12-15 09:48:07
@phdthesis{33fa5e5e-8609-44f0-af23-1f91424501c5,
  abstract     = {{Breast cancer is a common event among women, one in ten women receiving a breast cancer diagnosis in their lifetime. The experience of breast cancer is a complex process that entails a multitude of interlinked potentially highly stressful events. It is thus evident that the manner in which one reacts to such stressors can have a substantial impact on both physical and mental health. Resilience is a construct that encompasses a positive adaptation to adverse events, and has been shown to be associated with both physical and mental health-related outcomes in breast cancer patients and survivors. Nevertheless, resilience is a complex construct which has been poorly operationalized in previous research. Additionally, there is a gap in research on how resilience changes over time, how these changes relate to the recovery process, as well as the lived experiences relevant for resilience in breast cancer survivors. The present thesis aims to address these gaps in knowledge. The general aim of this thesis was to better understand the role of resilience in recovery from breast cancer. The main aim of Study I was to elucidate the factor structure of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the most widely used instrument for assessing resilience, as well as to determine its discriminant and predictive validity in the Swedish non-clinical setting. The aim of Study II was to explore whether resilience changes from the time of receiving a breast cancer diagnosis to after treatment, as well as whether these changes in resilience mediate or moderate physical and mental health-related recovery from breast cancer. It also aimed to identify biopsychosocial risk factors for poor or slower recovery. Study III aimed to explore the lived experiences and aspects of resilience among breast cancer survivors.<br/>Study I suggested that a 22-item unidimensional model of CD-RISC should be retained. It suggested that factors related to religion and spirituality may not play a role in resilience in this setting. Study I found that CD-RISC had good discriminant validity, being a separate construct from emotion regulation. Moreover, it had good predictive validity, as it predicted physical and mental health-related quality of life after adjusting for health and sociodemographic factors. Study II found that resilience was associated with both mental and physical health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients across time. However, resilience did not change substantially over time, and the process of recovery could thus not be explained by the changes in resilience. More resilient patients over time also did not have a faster recovery. Nevertheless, resilience was found to be protective, especially for mental health at diagnosis. Study II also identified a variety of clinical and sociodemographic factors which may be risk factors for poorer recovery, most notably ER negative and HER2 positive tumors, more advanced cancer at diagnosis, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, and lower socioeconomic status. Study III identified three important aspects relevant for resilience in breast cancer survivors. Having agency in relation to one’s health, treatment procedures, feelings, thoughts, and daily functioning was one important aspect of resilience. Important others play a complex direct and indirect role in resilience in the context of breast cancer. Conceptualizing breast cancer as a closed chapter as opposed to a constant was an important aspect of resilience throughout survivorship.<br/>Overall, the studies included in this thesis suggest that resilience plays an important role in breast cancer survivorship, with implications for not only mental, but also physical health. Interventions aimed at enhancing resilience in breast cancer survivors may focus on increasing agency and social support, as well as changing beliefs about the finality of breast cancer.}},
  author       = {{Velickovic, Katarina}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-8039-473-4}},
  keywords     = {{Breast Cancer; Resilience; Health-Related Quality of Life; Survivorship}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{11}},
  publisher    = {{Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Recovery from Breast Cancer : Investigating the role of resilience in breast cancer survivorship}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}