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Regulatory Proteins in Progenitors and Differentiated Cells of the Human Prostate

Ceder, Jens LU (2008) In Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series 2008:36.
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) develops from an androgen-dependent tissue that contains androgen receptors in both the stromal and glandular compartments. Surgical removal of the prostate may cure the patient, but if metastatic spread has occurred, androgen suppression therapy is the standard treatment. However, most men will eventually fail this therapy and develop recurrent androgen-independent disease, for which there is no effective therapy. Our understanding of PC, including cell source and mechanisms in initiation and progression of PC, is impeded by our lack of knowledge regarding cell regulation, self-renewal, and cellular differentiation mechanisms in the prostate gland. In this study, we aimed to investigate these processes in the adult... (More)
Prostate cancer (PC) develops from an androgen-dependent tissue that contains androgen receptors in both the stromal and glandular compartments. Surgical removal of the prostate may cure the patient, but if metastatic spread has occurred, androgen suppression therapy is the standard treatment. However, most men will eventually fail this therapy and develop recurrent androgen-independent disease, for which there is no effective therapy. Our understanding of PC, including cell source and mechanisms in initiation and progression of PC, is impeded by our lack of knowledge regarding cell regulation, self-renewal, and cellular differentiation mechanisms in the prostate gland. In this study, we aimed to investigate these processes in the adult human prostate, by investigating localization, activity, and regulation of growth and differentiation modulating proteins in mature and differentiating cells of the adult prostate, including the benign and malignant prostate. In this thesis, I provide evidence for epithelial renewal in response to prostate tissue culture, and for basal and epithelial stem cell (SC) recruitment leading to an expansion of differentiating glandular precursor cells, and report the identification of several novel candidate epithelial SC-antigens in the prostate, including the putative suppressor of differentiation Dlk-1. We also supply evidence that nuclear Notch-1 activity down-regulates the candidate SC marker Dlk-1 in differentiating glandular precursor cells, that Notch-signalling regulates proliferation of precursor cells, and that inactive Notch-1 is a marker of mature glandular cells in the prostate. In addition, the identification of rare Dlk-1 expressing neuroendocrine cells suggests the existence of a common prostate epithelial progenitor, and a late precursor phenotype to this cell lineage. Data further suggest that stem cell factor (SCF) regulates prostate SC/progenitor biology through KIT-receptors, and the existence of a novel stromal progenitor phenotype in the prostate. We further show that the inhibitory peptide somatostatin (SS) is expressed in the prostate epithelial and mesenchymal SC/progenitor niche, and that SS regulates expansion of immature epithelia in primary prostate cell cultures, and that specific SS-receptors are up-regulated in PC. New therapeutics may be based on inhibitors/agonists of critical SC/niche and precursor cell signalling and differentiation-modulating molecules, or of their receptors; current results may set the stage for the development of new therapies in prostate glandular and stromal diseases. (Less)
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author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Schalken, Jack, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
mesenchymal stem cells, somatostatin, transit amplifying cells, cell differentiation, adult stem cells, Prostate gland, prostatic benign hyperplasia, neuroendocrine cells, prostate cancer
in
Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series
volume
2008:36
pages
113 pages
publisher
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
defense location
CRC Aula, CRC, hus 93, Plan 10, rum oo2, UMAS, ing 72
defense date
2008-03-14 13:00:00
ISSN
1652-8220
ISBN
978-91-85897-89-6
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Svenskt Sammanfattning: Antalet prostatacancerfall i Sverige har ökat dramatiskt sedan PSA (prostata-specifikt antigen) testet infördes. PSA utsöndras av körtelcellerna i prostatakörteln, och PSA är en viktig komponent i mannens sädesvätska. Vid tumörsjukdomar i prostatakörteln läcker en del PSA till blodet, som kan detekteras med ett enkelt blodprov. De flesta patienter har dock en godartad tumör, eller en mild form av PC, som inte, eller endast långsamt, ger upphov till dottersvulstrar/metastaser. Avlägsnar man tumören genom ett kirurgiskt ingrepp kan patienten bli frisk. En del patienter drabbas dock av en mer allvarlig form av PC, som mer ofta ger upphov till metastaser. Metastaserad PC behandlas oftast genom att strypa tillgången på androgener, och merparten av cancercellerna dör. Dock överlever en del celler, och sjukdomen blir efter ett tag hormon-oberoende, dvs den tillväxer trots avsaknad av androgener. I dagsläget finns ingen bra behandlingsmetod mot hormon-oberoende PC. Mycket forskning inom PC området går ut på att hitta nya mediciner mot denna form av PC, hormon-oberoende PC. Vissa forskare tror att cancercellerna är muterade och sjuka fullt mogna körtelceller, dvs de celler som utsöndrar PSA, och att man bör utveckla mediciner som bättre slår ut dessa celler än vad dagens mediciner förmår. Andra forskare tror att mer primitiva, stamcells-liknande celler ger upphov till PC, och är anledningen till att sjukdomen blir hormon-oberoende, eftersom sådana celler ej behöver androgener för att överleva eller tillväxa. Tyvärr vet man ej så mycket om vilka celler som finns i prostatan, eller hur de mognar och blir funktionella körtelceller som utsöndrar PSA. Vi vill ta reda på vilka celler som finns i prostatan, hur de mognar, och vilka proteiner cellerna uttrycker under tiden de mognar, och vad som reglerar deras tillväxt och funktionella mognad. Genom att titta på och behandla celler från PC patienter, har vi sett att stamcells-liknande celler som ger upphov till körtelcellerna i prostatan uttrycker ett protein/markör som kallas CD133, och ett specifikt protein som kallas KIT, och som tros reglera om cellerna skall ge upphov till dotterceller. Vidare uttrycker de stamcells-liknande primitiva körtelcellerna ett protein som kallas Dlk-1, som tros hämma mognad av celler. Ett annat protein, som kallas Notch-1, stänger dock av Dlk-1 i utmognande körtelceller, dvs i celler som påbörjat mognaden mot funktionella körtelceller. Hämmar vi aktiviteten av Notch-1, avtar tillväxten av omogna celler. Vi har även hittat en ny celltyp i prostatans bindväv, som uttrycker stamcells markören CD133. Vid godartad/benign prostatatumör, är det framförallt bindvävnaden som tillväxer ohämmat. I framtiden vill vi undersöka om dessa ’nya’ celler bidrar till godartad tillväxt i prostatan. Vi har även sett att stamcells-liknande bindvävsceller, stamcells-liknande körtelceller, utmognande körtelceller, och fullt mogna körtelceller uttrycker receptorer för det hämmande proteinet somatostatin, och att receptorer för somatostatin även uttrycks av cancerceller i metastaser. Dessa celler kan alltså känna av och reagera på somatostatin-liknande substanser. Vi föreslår att man skall undersöka om somatostatin-liknande mediciner kan hämma tillväxt i såväl godartade som elekartade tumörer i prostata, och om Notch-1 samt Dlk-1 modulerande mediciner kan påverka mognadsgraden av cellerna, och därmed sjukdomsförloppet. Förhoppningsvis kan sådana framtida studier leda till bättre behandlingsmetoder av tumörsjukdomar som uppstår i prostatakörteln, inklusive hormon-oberoende metastaserad PC.
id
57b30322-02ad-44df-98a0-7bf44cdfab94 (old id 1037300)
date added to LUP
2016-04-01 14:30:44
date last changed
2023-04-18 20:13:29
@phdthesis{57b30322-02ad-44df-98a0-7bf44cdfab94,
  abstract     = {{Prostate cancer (PC) develops from an androgen-dependent tissue that contains androgen receptors in both the stromal and glandular compartments. Surgical removal of the prostate may cure the patient, but if metastatic spread has occurred, androgen suppression therapy is the standard treatment. However, most men will eventually fail this therapy and develop recurrent androgen-independent disease, for which there is no effective therapy. Our understanding of PC, including cell source and mechanisms in initiation and progression of PC, is impeded by our lack of knowledge regarding cell regulation, self-renewal, and cellular differentiation mechanisms in the prostate gland. In this study, we aimed to investigate these processes in the adult human prostate, by investigating localization, activity, and regulation of growth and differentiation modulating proteins in mature and differentiating cells of the adult prostate, including the benign and malignant prostate. In this thesis, I provide evidence for epithelial renewal in response to prostate tissue culture, and for basal and epithelial stem cell (SC) recruitment leading to an expansion of differentiating glandular precursor cells, and report the identification of several novel candidate epithelial SC-antigens in the prostate, including the putative suppressor of differentiation Dlk-1. We also supply evidence that nuclear Notch-1 activity down-regulates the candidate SC marker Dlk-1 in differentiating glandular precursor cells, that Notch-signalling regulates proliferation of precursor cells, and that inactive Notch-1 is a marker of mature glandular cells in the prostate. In addition, the identification of rare Dlk-1 expressing neuroendocrine cells suggests the existence of a common prostate epithelial progenitor, and a late precursor phenotype to this cell lineage. Data further suggest that stem cell factor (SCF) regulates prostate SC/progenitor biology through KIT-receptors, and the existence of a novel stromal progenitor phenotype in the prostate. We further show that the inhibitory peptide somatostatin (SS) is expressed in the prostate epithelial and mesenchymal SC/progenitor niche, and that SS regulates expansion of immature epithelia in primary prostate cell cultures, and that specific SS-receptors are up-regulated in PC. New therapeutics may be based on inhibitors/agonists of critical SC/niche and precursor cell signalling and differentiation-modulating molecules, or of their receptors; current results may set the stage for the development of new therapies in prostate glandular and stromal diseases.}},
  author       = {{Ceder, Jens}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-85897-89-6}},
  issn         = {{1652-8220}},
  keywords     = {{mesenchymal stem cells; somatostatin; transit amplifying cells; cell differentiation; adult stem cells; Prostate gland; prostatic benign hyperplasia; neuroendocrine cells; prostate cancer}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  series       = {{Lund University Faculty of Medicine Doctoral Dissertation Series}},
  title        = {{Regulatory Proteins in Progenitors and Differentiated Cells of the Human Prostate}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/4013466/1037305.pdf}},
  volume       = {{2008:36}},
  year         = {{2008}},
}