Nature and Functions of Scripted Attachment Knowledge : Assessment, Cognitive Processes, and Neural Correlates
(2026)- Abstract
- Close relationships are fundamental to human wellbeing. Attachment theory posits that early caregiving experiences shape how individuals come to understand themselves, others, and the world. Through repeated caregiving interactions in situations of distress, children develop script-like mental structures (i.e., attachment schemas). Attachment schemas, thus, hold implicit knowledge about availability of close others, viability of support-seeking, and how events are most likely to unfold in stressful situations. They are assumed to guide relational expectations when in distress, and regulate attention, largely
outside of awareness, with influence extending from cognitive and defensive processes to relationship dynamics and overall... (More) - Close relationships are fundamental to human wellbeing. Attachment theory posits that early caregiving experiences shape how individuals come to understand themselves, others, and the world. Through repeated caregiving interactions in situations of distress, children develop script-like mental structures (i.e., attachment schemas). Attachment schemas, thus, hold implicit knowledge about availability of close others, viability of support-seeking, and how events are most likely to unfold in stressful situations. They are assumed to guide relational expectations when in distress, and regulate attention, largely
outside of awareness, with influence extending from cognitive and defensive processes to relationship dynamics and overall wellbeing. Given this broad scope, this dissertation investigates how implicit script-like attachment knowledge can be reliably assessed, how its functions manifest in cognitive and neurophysiological processes, in relation to regulating attention and guiding relational expectations, and whether defensive patterns associated with attachment insecurity are amenable to change.
Study I examined whether the traditional interview-like assessment of scripted attachment knowledge can be replaced by more flexible, digital settings, in the absence of an interviewer/listener. Findings indicated relative modality-invariance, providing initial evidence that scripted attachment knowledge can be assessed outside traditional interview context, with implications for large-scale and more cost-efficient research. Study II investigated whether attachment security priming can reduce avoidance-related attentional defenses. As expected, high attachment avoidance was associated with attentional disengagement from social stimuli, reflecting avoidance-based attentional defenses. Security priming did not alter this attentional pattern. While low avoidance individuals reported a decrease in positive affect following the priming, those high in avoidance remained unaffected, suggesting that they may have disengaged from the priming task itself. These findings highlight the complexity of experimentally
influencing avoidant defenses and raise questions about what form of priming may be effective. Study III used electroencephalography (EEG) with ecologically valid, narrative stimuli to investigate neural correlates of attachment-schema-congruent predictions of support. Findings supported expected patterns: attachment security was associated with expectations of support in distressing situations as well as a greater capacity to visualize such scenarios, while this association was absent among individuals with insecure attachment.
Taken together, the three studies make complementary contributions to the understanding of nature and functions of attachment schemas, as well as attachment field in a broader sense. Key strengths of this work include methodological diversity in terms of experimental paradigms and ecologically valid stimuli, complementary measurement of attachment-related constructs and novel findings on alternative assessment techniques, and neurophysiological evidence for fundamental assumptions in attachment theory. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Nära relationer är avgörande för människors välbefinnande. Anknytningsteori utgår från att tidiga erfarenheter med omsorgsfigurer (oftast föräldrar) under uppväxten formar hur individer lär sig förstå sig själva, andra och omvärlden. Genom upprepade interaktioner med omsorgsfigurer i situationer präglade av distress utvecklar barn mentala bilder som liknar ett manuskript, som innehåller implicit kunskap om närvaro och tillgänglighet av nära personer, huruvida signaler när man förmedlar behov av stöd tas emot, och hur situationer sannolikt löses. Dessa implicita mentala bilder kallas för anknytningsscheman och anses styra relationella förväntningar i situationer av stress och reglera uppmärksamheten, till stor del utanför medvetandet. Deras... (More)
- Nära relationer är avgörande för människors välbefinnande. Anknytningsteori utgår från att tidiga erfarenheter med omsorgsfigurer (oftast föräldrar) under uppväxten formar hur individer lär sig förstå sig själva, andra och omvärlden. Genom upprepade interaktioner med omsorgsfigurer i situationer präglade av distress utvecklar barn mentala bilder som liknar ett manuskript, som innehåller implicit kunskap om närvaro och tillgänglighet av nära personer, huruvida signaler när man förmedlar behov av stöd tas emot, och hur situationer sannolikt löses. Dessa implicita mentala bilder kallas för anknytningsscheman och anses styra relationella förväntningar i situationer av stress och reglera uppmärksamheten, till stor del utanför medvetandet. Deras inflytande sträcker sig således från kognitiva och defensiva processer till relationsdynamik och övergripande välbefinnande. Med tanke på denna breda räckvidd undersöker denna avhandling hur implicit, manusliknande anknytningskunskap (anknytningsscheman) kan bedömas på ett tillförlitligt sätt, hur dess funktioner manifesteras i kognitiva och neurofysiologiska processer, i relation till reglering av uppmärksamhet och styrning av relationella förväntningar, samt om försvarsmönster associerade med anknytningsotrygghet är mottagliga för förändring.
Detta syfte undersöktes i studie I om den traditionella intervjubaserade bedömningen av anknytningsscheman kan ersättas av mer flexibla, digitala modaliteter, utan någon testledare eller lyssnare. Resultaten visade på en relativ modalitetsinvarians, vilket ger initiala belägg för att implicit kunskap om anknytning kan bedömas utanför den traditionella intervjumiljön, med konsekvenser för forskning i större skala och med lägre kostnader. I studie II undersöktes om priming av anknytningstrygghet kan minska undvikande-relaterade uppmärksamhetsförsvar. Resultaten bekräftade förväntade mönster, att högt undvikande som ett anknytningsdrag var förknippad med att man vände bort blicken från emotionell information i form av ansiktsuttryck, vilket speglar undvikande-baserade uppmärksamhetsförsvar. Priming av trygg anknytning påverkade inte detta uppmärksamhetsmönster. Och medan personer med lågt undvikande rapporterade minskad positiv känsla efter primingen, var personer med högt undvikande opåverkade, vilket tyder på att de kan ha kopplat bort sig från själva priming-uppgiften. Dessa resultat belyser komplexiteten i att experimentellt påverka undvikande strategier och väcker frågor om vilken form av priming som kan vara effektiv i detta ändamål. Studie III undersökte neurala korrelat till anknytningsschema-kongruenta förväntningar på stöd med hjälp av elektroencefalografi (EEG) och ekologiskt valida, narrativa stimuli som följde en manusliknande struktur. Resultaten gav neurologiska och beteendemässiga belägg för förutsägbara mönster som stämde överens med anknytningsteorin. Trygg anknytning var kopplad till förväntningar om stöd i krissituationer samt en bättre föreställningsförmåga av dessa situationer, men detta samband fanns inte hos personer med otrygg anknytning.
Sammantaget bidrar de tre studierna på ett komplementärt sätt till förståelsen av anknytningsschemats natur och funktioner, liksom anknytningsteorins forskningsfält i vidare bemärkelse. En särskild styrka i detta arbete är den metodologiska mångfalden vad gäller experimentella paradigmer och ekologiskt valida stimuli, kompletterande mätningar av anknytningsrelaterade konstruktioner och nya rön om alternativa bedömningstekniker, samt neurofysiologiska belägg för grundläggande antaganden inom anknytningsteorin. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/61cdd26e-60fc-4f59-9490-7b3801638776
- author
- Han, Gizem
LU
- supervisor
-
- Elia Psouni LU
- Yunhwan Kim LU
- Ines Bramao LU
- opponent
-
- Professor Bakermans Kranenburg, Marian, Portugal and San Sebastián University
- organization
- publishing date
- 2026-05
- type
- Thesis
- publication status
- published
- subject
- keywords
- attachment schemas, secure base scripts, narrative-based assessment, digital assessment, attentional biases, attachment security priming, event-related potentials (ERP), expectation of support
- pages
- 71 pages
- publisher
- Lund University
- defense location
- Edens Hörsal, Allhelgona Kyrkogata 14, Lund
- defense date
- 2026-06-05 10:00:00
- ISBN
- 978-91-8104-998-5
- 978-91-8104-999-2
- project
- Nature and Functions of Scripted Attachment Knowledge: Assessment, Cognitive Processes, Neural Correlates
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- id
- 61cdd26e-60fc-4f59-9490-7b3801638776
- date added to LUP
- 2026-05-04 15:42:00
- date last changed
- 2026-05-18 09:44:28
@phdthesis{61cdd26e-60fc-4f59-9490-7b3801638776,
abstract = {{Close relationships are fundamental to human wellbeing. Attachment theory posits that early caregiving experiences shape how individuals come to understand themselves, others, and the world. Through repeated caregiving interactions in situations of distress, children develop script-like mental structures (i.e., attachment schemas). Attachment schemas, thus, hold implicit knowledge about availability of close others, viability of support-seeking, and how events are most likely to unfold in stressful situations. They are assumed to guide relational expectations when in distress, and regulate attention, largely <br/>outside of awareness, with influence extending from cognitive and defensive processes to relationship dynamics and overall wellbeing. Given this broad scope, this dissertation investigates how implicit script-like attachment knowledge can be reliably assessed, how its functions manifest in cognitive and neurophysiological processes, in relation to regulating attention and guiding relational expectations, and whether defensive patterns associated with attachment insecurity are amenable to change. <br/>Study I examined whether the traditional interview-like assessment of scripted attachment knowledge can be replaced by more flexible, digital settings, in the absence of an interviewer/listener. Findings indicated relative modality-invariance, providing initial evidence that scripted attachment knowledge can be assessed outside traditional interview context, with implications for large-scale and more cost-efficient research. Study II investigated whether attachment security priming can reduce avoidance-related attentional defenses. As expected, high attachment avoidance was associated with attentional disengagement from social stimuli, reflecting avoidance-based attentional defenses. Security priming did not alter this attentional pattern. While low avoidance individuals reported a decrease in positive affect following the priming, those high in avoidance remained unaffected, suggesting that they may have disengaged from the priming task itself. These findings highlight the complexity of experimentally <br/>influencing avoidant defenses and raise questions about what form of priming may be effective. Study III used electroencephalography (EEG) with ecologically valid, narrative stimuli to investigate neural correlates of attachment-schema-congruent predictions of support. Findings supported expected patterns: attachment security was associated with expectations of support in distressing situations as well as a greater capacity to visualize such scenarios, while this association was absent among individuals with insecure attachment. <br/>Taken together, the three studies make complementary contributions to the understanding of nature and functions of attachment schemas, as well as attachment field in a broader sense. Key strengths of this work include methodological diversity in terms of experimental paradigms and ecologically valid stimuli, complementary measurement of attachment-related constructs and novel findings on alternative assessment techniques, and neurophysiological evidence for fundamental assumptions in attachment theory.}},
author = {{Han, Gizem}},
isbn = {{978-91-8104-998-5}},
keywords = {{attachment schemas; secure base scripts; narrative-based assessment; digital assessment; attentional biases; attachment security priming; event-related potentials (ERP); expectation of support}},
language = {{eng}},
publisher = {{Lund University}},
school = {{Lund University}},
title = {{Nature and Functions of Scripted Attachment Knowledge : Assessment, Cognitive Processes, and Neural Correlates}},
url = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/249189197/e-nailing_Gizem_Han.pdf}},
year = {{2026}},
}