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In situ biaxial loading and multi-scale deformation measurements of nanostructured materials at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory

Mota-Santiago, Pablo LU ; Engqvist, Jonas LU ; Hall, Stephen LU ; Appio, Roberto LU ; Maghe, Maxime ; Sathikumar, Gautham ; Ristinmaa, Matti LU orcid ; Plivelic, Tomás S. LU and Meneau, F. (2023) In Journal of Applied Crystallography 56. p.967-975
Abstract

Characterization of the mechanical response of polymers and composite materials relies heavily on the macroscopic stress-strain response in uniaxial tensile configurations. To provide representative information, the deformation process must be homogeneous within the gauge length, which is a condition that is rarely achieved due to stress concentration or inhomogeneities within the specimen. In this work, the development of a biaxial mechanical testing device at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory is presented. The design facilitates simultaneous measurement of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), allowing assessment of the microstructural configuration before, after and during the continuous deformation process at... (More)

Characterization of the mechanical response of polymers and composite materials relies heavily on the macroscopic stress-strain response in uniaxial tensile configurations. To provide representative information, the deformation process must be homogeneous within the gauge length, which is a condition that is rarely achieved due to stress concentration or inhomogeneities within the specimen. In this work, the development of a biaxial mechanical testing device at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory is presented. The design facilitates simultaneous measurement of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), allowing assessment of the microstructural configuration before, after and during the continuous deformation process at multiple length scales. The construction also supports multiple deformation conditions, while guaranteeing stability even at high loads. Furthermore, the mechanical experiments can be complemented with spatially resolved mesoscopic surface deformation measurements using 3D-surface digital image correlation (DIC). Polycarbonate (PC) was used to demonstrate the varied material response to multi-axial deformation, as PC is isotropic with a high glass transition temperature (∼150°) and high strength. As a result, a clear correlation between full-field methods and the microstructural information determined from WAXS measurements is demonstrated. When a uniaxial load is applied, homogeneous strain regions could be observed extending perpendicular to the applied load. When a secondary axial load was added (biaxial mode), it was observed that high strain domains were created near the centre of the sample and at the boundaries after yield. With increased strain, the deformation in the main deformation direction also increases. Mechanical reliability was demonstrated by carrying out static loading of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibre (CF) bundles. As a result, the nonlinear stiffening behaviour typically observed in CFs was seen, while no evidence of the creation of new voids during loading was observed. The results support the reliability and broad applicability of the developed technique.

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author
; ; ; ; ; ; ; and
organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Biaxial mechanical testing, SAXS, small-angle X-ray scattering, soft matter, WAXS, wide-angle X-ray scattering
in
Journal of Applied Crystallography
volume
56
pages
9 pages
publisher
International Union of Crystallography
external identifiers
  • pmid:37555219
  • scopus:85168145385
ISSN
0021-8898
DOI
10.1107/S1600576723005034
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
a736131d-d905-4347-b0eb-ab380f64789f
date added to LUP
2023-11-03 11:31:35
date last changed
2024-04-19 03:33:04
@article{a736131d-d905-4347-b0eb-ab380f64789f,
  abstract     = {{<p>Characterization of the mechanical response of polymers and composite materials relies heavily on the macroscopic stress-strain response in uniaxial tensile configurations. To provide representative information, the deformation process must be homogeneous within the gauge length, which is a condition that is rarely achieved due to stress concentration or inhomogeneities within the specimen. In this work, the development of a biaxial mechanical testing device at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory is presented. The design facilitates simultaneous measurement of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), allowing assessment of the microstructural configuration before, after and during the continuous deformation process at multiple length scales. The construction also supports multiple deformation conditions, while guaranteeing stability even at high loads. Furthermore, the mechanical experiments can be complemented with spatially resolved mesoscopic surface deformation measurements using 3D-surface digital image correlation (DIC). Polycarbonate (PC) was used to demonstrate the varied material response to multi-axial deformation, as PC is isotropic with a high glass transition temperature (∼150°) and high strength. As a result, a clear correlation between full-field methods and the microstructural information determined from WAXS measurements is demonstrated. When a uniaxial load is applied, homogeneous strain regions could be observed extending perpendicular to the applied load. When a secondary axial load was added (biaxial mode), it was observed that high strain domains were created near the centre of the sample and at the boundaries after yield. With increased strain, the deformation in the main deformation direction also increases. Mechanical reliability was demonstrated by carrying out static loading of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibre (CF) bundles. As a result, the nonlinear stiffening behaviour typically observed in CFs was seen, while no evidence of the creation of new voids during loading was observed. The results support the reliability and broad applicability of the developed technique.</p>}},
  author       = {{Mota-Santiago, Pablo and Engqvist, Jonas and Hall, Stephen and Appio, Roberto and Maghe, Maxime and Sathikumar, Gautham and Ristinmaa, Matti and Plivelic, Tomás S. and Meneau, F.}},
  issn         = {{0021-8898}},
  keywords     = {{Biaxial mechanical testing; SAXS; small-angle X-ray scattering; soft matter; WAXS; wide-angle X-ray scattering}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{06}},
  pages        = {{967--975}},
  publisher    = {{International Union of Crystallography}},
  series       = {{Journal of Applied Crystallography}},
  title        = {{In situ biaxial loading and multi-scale deformation measurements of nanostructured materials at the CoSAXS beamline at MAX IV Laboratory}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576723005034}},
  doi          = {{10.1107/S1600576723005034}},
  volume       = {{56}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}