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Towards sustainability with building services systems : – by focusing on material choices, energy use and thermal indoor climates in residential buildings

Dahlblom, Mats LU (2020)
Abstract
For a development to be considered sustainable, social, economic and environmental requirements must be met. The Swedish sustainable development goals, based on Agenda 2030, contain 16 national environmental quality goals. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is responsible for achieving the goal "A good built environment". Essential factors chosen for studies are: indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and material and energy use, as these have a major impact on the opportunities for the construction and real estate sector to achieve the goals of sustainable development. The overall aim of the thesis is to provide knowledge about how building services systems in residential buildings can contribute to sustainable development... (More)
For a development to be considered sustainable, social, economic and environmental requirements must be met. The Swedish sustainable development goals, based on Agenda 2030, contain 16 national environmental quality goals. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is responsible for achieving the goal "A good built environment". Essential factors chosen for studies are: indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and material and energy use, as these have a major impact on the opportunities for the construction and real estate sector to achieve the goals of sustainable development. The overall aim of the thesis is to provide knowledge about how building services systems in residential buildings can contribute to sustainable development in general.
The work behind the thesis consists of two parts. The first part begins with a literature review (Publication I) followed by a case study (Publication II) with life-cycle inventories and energy simulations for two multi-family buildings. Material types, quantities, manufacturing, transport and operating energies as well as the influence of material choice on the manufacturing energy were analysed. The conclusions were that only a few materials accounted for 80 % of the weight and for 80 % of the manufacturing energy in building services systems, that material choice was an important factor that influenced the manufacturing energy. Furthermore, it was found that the service life of materials and components, as well as reasons for replacements, were poorly known. As this is an uncertainty factor when carrying out life-cycle analyses it led to an interview survey (Publication III) being conducted among property management companies to increase knowledge in these fields. The reasons for carrying out replacements and the ages for components in building services systems in nine estates are analysed and categorized. The study concluded that there were multiple reasons for replacements and the deciding factor was often unclear. An attempt was made to assess the service life of some components. The assessment revealed large uncertainties, either because the data material was limited or because the reality is unpredictable. These three publications formed a licentiate dissertation, approved 2001.
The second part of the thesis begins with a life-cycle cost analysis based on energy simulations and cost calculations. The profitability of a number of energy efficiency measures taken in a multi-family building was compared (Publication IV). Increased investment costs are paid for by having lower energy costs. Heat recovery with ventilation heat exchangers and exhaust air heat pumps results in about the same life-cycle cost, but an exhaust air heat pump means a greater electricity demand.
A residential real estate company used a system for individual metering and billing (IMB) of space heating costs, in which the tenants paid for having a specific temperature, which meant that room temperatures were measured in all living rooms and bedrooms. In some estates a feedback control system, based on indoor temperature measurements, was introduced. The purpose of the method was to achieve more even and, on average, lower indoor temperatures, which would hopefully result in lower energy needs for heating. The feedback control was evaluated by comparing the independence of the indoor temperatures on the outdoor temperature before and after implementation (Publication V). The control method clearly indicated a lower dependency.
Based on a large data set with temperature measurements during two heating seasons a comprehensive study of the indoor thermal conditions was carried out (Publication VI). The buildings in question had hydronic heating systems with feedforward control. Temperatures were almost normally distributed and seemed to vary randomly and independently of location in the building. There was a tendency for cool apartments to be cool all year-round and vice versa. Systematic variations were observed both during the day and between weekdays and weekends. Temperature variations within apartments were studied according to apartment size (Publication VII). Generally, the temperatures were lower in bedrooms than in living rooms, and the more rooms the larger the differences. Using a mathematical model of a multi-storey building, it was shown that there was a heat flow up through the building via the floor slabs (Publication VIII).
During the heating season, the temperature gradients were measured in ten apartments in a three-storey multi-family building, the gradients being measured for a week in each apartment. The measured gradients were generally smaller than those calculated by the IMB system, which indicated that tenants were invoiced for lower temperatures than those actually achieved (Publication IX).
An additional study was conducted in which the effects of the energy efficiency measures on the energy use in one of the buildings from a previous case study were examined and it was found that increased heat recovery increased the environmental classification grade.
The various studies are discussed under the section headings Material resources, Energy use, Indoor environment quality, Laws and regulations and Sustainability concept trends. Issues such as replaceability, flexibility and user interaction are also addressed.
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Abstract (Swedish)
För att en utveckling ska anses hållbar måste mål ur såväl sociala, ekonomiska som miljömässiga aspekter vara uppfyllda. Det svenska miljömålssystemet, baserat på Agenda 2030, innehåller 16 miljökvalitetsmål och ett antal etappmål. För genomförande och uppföljning ansvarar åtta myndigheter, av vilka Boverket har ansvar för målet ”En god bebyggd miljö”. Faktorer som har valts att studera är inomhusmiljö och material- och energianvändning eftersom dessa har stor påverkan på möjligheterna för bygg- och fastighetssektorn att nå målen med hållbar utveckling. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att tillföra kunskap om hur VVS-installationer i bostadsbyggnader kan bidra till en hållbar utveckling.
Avhandlingsarbetet, som har pågått i mer än... (More)
För att en utveckling ska anses hållbar måste mål ur såväl sociala, ekonomiska som miljömässiga aspekter vara uppfyllda. Det svenska miljömålssystemet, baserat på Agenda 2030, innehåller 16 miljökvalitetsmål och ett antal etappmål. För genomförande och uppföljning ansvarar åtta myndigheter, av vilka Boverket har ansvar för målet ”En god bebyggd miljö”. Faktorer som har valts att studera är inomhusmiljö och material- och energianvändning eftersom dessa har stor påverkan på möjligheterna för bygg- och fastighetssektorn att nå målen med hållbar utveckling. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att tillföra kunskap om hur VVS-installationer i bostadsbyggnader kan bidra till en hållbar utveckling.
Avhandlingsarbetet, som har pågått i mer än tjugo år, består av två delar. Första delen inleds med en fallstudie (Publikation II) med livscykelinventeringar och energisimuleringar för två flerbostadshus. Materialslag, mängder, tillverknings-, transport- och driftenergier samt inverkan av materialval på tillverkningsenergin har analyserats. Slutsatserna var att ett fåtal material svarade för 80 % av vikten och tillverkningsenergin vid framtagning av VVS-installationer, att materialval hade betydelse för tillverkningsenergin. Vidare konstaterades att materialens och komponenternas livslängder liksom orsaker till byte var dåligt kända, en osäkerhetsfaktor vid livscykelanalyser, vilket ledde till att en intervjuundersökning (Publikation III) genomfördes bland fastighetsförvaltande företag för att öka denna kunskap. De orsaker till byte av installationer och deras ålder som angavs för nio fastigheter med hyreslägenheter analyserades och kategoriserades. Studiens slutsatser var att orsakerna till byten ofta var flera, men vilken som var avgörande var oklart. Ett försök att bedöma livslängd för ett antal komponenter gjordes. Livslängdsbedömningen gav stora osäkerheter, antingen för att datamaterialet var litet eller för att verkligheten var sådan. Dessa tre publikationer utgjorde en licentiatavhandling godkänd 2001.
Avhandlingens andra del inleds med en livscykelkostnadsanalys baserad på energisimuleringar och kostnadsberäkningar. Lönsamheten för ett antal energieffektiviseringsåtgärder för ett flerbostadshus jämfördes (Publikation IV). Ökade investeringskostnader tjänades med marginal in genom lägre energikostnader. Värmeåtervinning med ventilationsvärmeväxlare respektive med frånluftsvärmepump gav ungefär samma livscykelkostnad, men frånluftvärmepump ledde till större elenergibehov.
Ett bostadsfastighetsbolag introducerade i en stor del av sitt bestånd en metod för individuell värmemätning och debitering (IMD), där hyresgästen betalade för temperatur, inte levererad energi, vilket innebar att rumstemperaturen mättes i alla vardagsrum och sovrum. I några fastigheter infördes feedbackreglering baserad på rådande medeltemperatur i byggnaden, som komplettering till den utetemperaturstyrda värmeregleringen. Metodens syfte var att uppnå en jämnare och i medeltal lägre inomhustemperatur som kunde resultera i lägre energibehov för uppvärmning. Feedbackregleringen utvärderades genom jämförelse av innetemperaturens beroende av utetemperaturen före och efter implementeringen (Publikation V). Reglerprincipen gav tydligt ett lägre beroende.
Baserat på ett stort datamaterial med temperaturmätningar för två uppvärmningssäsonger, från nyss nämnda fastighetsbestånd, genomförs en omfattande undersökning av det termiska klimatet i bostäder (Publikation VI). I byggnaderna, som hade feedforwardreglering var temperaturerna nära normalfördelade och tycktes variera slumpmässigt oberoende av läge i byggnaden. Det fanns en tendens att svala lägenheter var svala året om och vice versa. Systematiska variationer såväl över dygn som mellan vardag och helg iakttogs. Temperaturvariationer inom lägenheter studerades per lägenhetsstorlek (Publikation VII). Generellt var temperaturen lägre i sovrum än i vardagsrum, ju fler rum desto större skillnad fanns. Med en matematisk modell av ett flervåningshus visades att det fanns ett värmeflöde upp genom byggnaden via bjälklag (Publikation VIII).
Under uppvärmningssäsong genomfördes mätningar av temperaturgradienten i några lägenheter i trevåningshus. Temperaturgradienten mättes under ca fem dagar i varje lägenhet. Uppmätta gradienter var generellt mindre än de som beräknades i IMD-systemet, vilket antyder att hyresgästerna debiterades för lägre temperatur än de hade (Publikation IX).
Dessutom genomfördes en kompletterande studie, där energieffektiviserings-åtgärders inverkan på energianvändningen för en av byggnaderna från tidigare fallstudie studerades med resultat att ökad värmeåtervinning kunde höja betyget vid miljöklassning.
De olika delstudierna diskuteras i sektionerna Materialresurser, Energianvändning, Inomhusmiljö, Lagar och regler samt Trender inom området hållbar utveckling. Frågor såsom utbytbarhet, flexibilitet och interaktion med användare behandlas.
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Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Prof. Broström, Tor, Uppsala University, Sweden.
organization
alternative title
Mot hållbarhet med installationstekniska system : - genom fokus på materialval, energianvändning och termiskt inomhusklimat i bostadshus
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
residential apartment buildings, building services systems, energy use, hvac, hydronic heating system, heating control, feedback control loop, indoor temperature measurements, individual metering and billing, indoor temperature variations, thermal comfort, vertical temperature gradient, case study
issue
LUTVDG/TVIT—20/1001—SE(545)
edition
1
pages
123 pages
publisher
Avd Installationsteknik, LTH, Lunds universitet
defense location
Lecture hall V:B, building V, John Ericssons väg 1, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund.
defense date
2020-04-17 13:00:00
ISSN
1652-6783
ISBN
978-91-85415-10-6
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
ae57fc4a-801a-4300-8473-ebebe6ca1dbc
date added to LUP
2020-03-12 13:01:00
date last changed
2020-06-22 10:32:32
@phdthesis{ae57fc4a-801a-4300-8473-ebebe6ca1dbc,
  abstract     = {{For a development to be considered sustainable, social, economic and environmental requirements must be met. The Swedish sustainable development goals, based on Agenda 2030, contain 16 national environmental quality goals. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is responsible for achieving the goal "A good built environment". Essential factors chosen for studies are: indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and material and energy use, as these have a major impact on the opportunities for the construction and real estate sector to achieve the goals of sustainable development. The overall aim of the thesis is to provide knowledge about how building services systems in residential buildings can contribute to sustainable development in general.<br/>The work behind the thesis consists of two parts. The first part begins with a literature review (Publication I) followed by a case study (Publication II) with life-cycle inventories and energy simulations for two multi-family buildings. Material types, quantities, manufacturing, transport and operating energies as well as the influence of material choice on the manufacturing energy were analysed. The conclusions were that only a few materials accounted for 80 % of the weight and for 80 % of the manufacturing energy in building services systems, that material choice was an important factor that influenced the manufacturing energy. Furthermore, it was found that the service life of materials and components, as well as reasons for replacements, were poorly known. As this is an uncertainty factor when carrying out life-cycle analyses it led to an interview survey (Publication III) being conducted among property management companies to increase knowledge in these fields. The reasons for carrying out replacements and the ages for components in building services systems in nine estates are analysed and categorized. The study concluded that there were multiple reasons for replacements and the deciding factor was often unclear. An attempt was made to assess the service life of some components. The assessment revealed large uncertainties, either because the data material was limited or because the reality is unpredictable. These three publications formed a licentiate dissertation, approved 2001.<br/>The second part of the thesis begins with a life-cycle cost analysis based on energy simulations and cost calculations. The profitability of a number of energy efficiency measures taken in a multi-family building was compared (Publication IV). Increased investment costs are paid for by having lower energy costs. Heat recovery with ventilation heat exchangers and exhaust air heat pumps results in about the same life-cycle cost, but an exhaust air heat pump means a greater electricity demand.<br/>A residential real estate company used a system for individual metering and billing (IMB) of space heating costs, in which the tenants paid for having a specific temperature, which meant that room temperatures were measured in all living rooms and bedrooms. In some estates a feedback control system, based on indoor temperature measurements, was introduced. The purpose of the method was to achieve more even and, on average, lower indoor temperatures, which would hopefully result in lower energy needs for heating. The feedback control was evaluated by comparing the independence of the indoor temperatures on the outdoor temperature before and after implementation (Publication V). The control method clearly indicated a lower dependency. <br/>Based on a large data set with temperature measurements during two heating seasons a comprehensive study of the indoor thermal conditions was carried out (Publication VI). The buildings in question had hydronic heating systems with feedforward control. Temperatures were almost normally distributed and seemed to vary randomly and independently of location in the building. There was a tendency for cool apartments to be cool all year-round and vice versa. Systematic variations were observed both during the day and between weekdays and weekends. Temperature variations within apartments were studied according to apartment size (Publication VII). Generally, the temperatures were lower in bedrooms than in living rooms, and the more rooms the larger the differences. Using a mathematical model of a multi-storey building, it was shown that there was a heat flow up through the building via the floor slabs (Publication VIII).<br/>During the heating season, the temperature gradients were measured in ten apartments in a three-storey multi-family building, the gradients being measured for a week in each apartment. The measured gradients were generally smaller than those calculated by the IMB system, which indicated that tenants were invoiced for lower temperatures than those actually achieved (Publication IX).<br/>An additional study was conducted in which the effects of the energy efficiency measures on the energy use in one of the buildings from a previous case study were examined and it was found that increased heat recovery increased the environmental classification grade.<br/>The various studies are discussed under the section headings Material resources, Energy use, Indoor environment quality, Laws and regulations and Sustainability concept trends. Issues such as replaceability, flexibility and user interaction are also addressed.<br/>}},
  author       = {{Dahlblom, Mats}},
  isbn         = {{978-91-85415-10-6}},
  issn         = {{1652-6783}},
  keywords     = {{residential apartment buildings, building services systems, energy use, hvac, hydronic heating system, heating control, feedback control loop, indoor temperature measurements, individual metering and billing, indoor temperature variations, thermal comfort, vertical temperature gradient, case study}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{03}},
  number       = {{LUTVDG/TVIT—20/1001—SE(545)}},
  publisher    = {{Avd Installationsteknik, LTH, Lunds universitet}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Towards sustainability with building services systems : – by focusing on material choices, energy use and thermal indoor climates in residential buildings}},
  url          = {{https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/77138351/Mats_Dahlblom_web.pdf}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}