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Fast Charging, Electric Roads, and Battery Swapping : A Comparative Load Profile Analysis for Regulated Freight

Ingelstrom, Mattias LU ; Mannari, Toko ; Hatta, Hiroyuki and Marquez-Fernandez, Francisco J. LU orcid (2026) 2026 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo and Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium, ITEC+EATS 2026
Abstract

Heavy-duty road transport is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonizing long-distance routes is challenging because high-power en-route charging imposes severe grid stress, especially in systems integrating large shares of photovoltaics (PV). Driving-time regulations for truck drivers, such as Japan's mandatory 3 0-minute break, create predictable charging windows. Charging a heavy-duty truck during this short break requires megawatt-scale power, leading to grid strain and high infrastructure requirements. This paper compares three alternatives to mitigate these impacts: conventional fast charging, battery swapping with PV-aligned pre-charging, and inmotion charging via electric road systems. Using an agent-based... (More)

Heavy-duty road transport is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonizing long-distance routes is challenging because high-power en-route charging imposes severe grid stress, especially in systems integrating large shares of photovoltaics (PV). Driving-time regulations for truck drivers, such as Japan's mandatory 3 0-minute break, create predictable charging windows. Charging a heavy-duty truck during this short break requires megawatt-scale power, leading to grid strain and high infrastructure requirements. This paper compares three alternatives to mitigate these impacts: conventional fast charging, battery swapping with PV-aligned pre-charging, and inmotion charging via electric road systems. Using an agent-based simulation of inter-regional freight under these regulations, we evaluate each technology's impact on aggregate power profiles, infrastructure utilization, and peak demand. Results show that electric road systems achieve intermediate PV alignment by distributing demand across driving hours without requiring a battery buffer, while battery swapping attains the highest alignment by decoupling grid delivery from vehicle arrivals, at the cost of higher peak demand and additional battery inventory. A trade-off analysis further reveals an efficient knee point where a moderate battery buffer captures most of the PV alignment benefit while limiting additional peak demand.

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Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
; ; and
organization
alternative title
Snabbladdning, elvägar och batteribyten: En jämförande belastningsprofilanalys för reglerad godstrafik
publishing date
type
Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Battery Swapping, Electric Road Systems, Fast Charging, Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles, Power Grid Impact
host publication
2026 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo and Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium, ITEC+EATS 2026
publisher
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
conference name
2026 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo and Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium, ITEC+EATS 2026
conference location
Novi, United States
conference dates
2026-06-10 - 2026-06-12
external identifiers
  • scopus:105045821783
ISBN
979-8-3315-8774-1
979-8-3315-8773-4
DOI
10.1109/ITECEATS66641.2026.11593056
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
d0ee8d5d-20a9-4696-91ad-4d1751b32fe7
date added to LUP
2026-07-20 10:01:02
date last changed
2026-09-01 08:21:33
@inproceedings{d0ee8d5d-20a9-4696-91ad-4d1751b32fe7,
  abstract     = {{<p>Heavy-duty road transport is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonizing long-distance routes is challenging because high-power en-route charging imposes severe grid stress, especially in systems integrating large shares of photovoltaics (PV). Driving-time regulations for truck drivers, such as Japan's mandatory 3 0-minute break, create predictable charging windows. Charging a heavy-duty truck during this short break requires megawatt-scale power, leading to grid strain and high infrastructure requirements. This paper compares three alternatives to mitigate these impacts: conventional fast charging, battery swapping with PV-aligned pre-charging, and inmotion charging via electric road systems. Using an agent-based simulation of inter-regional freight under these regulations, we evaluate each technology's impact on aggregate power profiles, infrastructure utilization, and peak demand. Results show that electric road systems achieve intermediate PV alignment by distributing demand across driving hours without requiring a battery buffer, while battery swapping attains the highest alignment by decoupling grid delivery from vehicle arrivals, at the cost of higher peak demand and additional battery inventory. A trade-off analysis further reveals an efficient knee point where a moderate battery buffer captures most of the PV alignment benefit while limiting additional peak demand.</p>}},
  author       = {{Ingelstrom, Mattias and Mannari, Toko and Hatta, Hiroyuki and Marquez-Fernandez, Francisco J.}},
  booktitle    = {{2026 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo and Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium, ITEC+EATS 2026}},
  isbn         = {{979-8-3315-8774-1}},
  keywords     = {{Battery Swapping; Electric Road Systems; Fast Charging; Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles; Power Grid Impact}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.}},
  title        = {{Fast Charging, Electric Roads, and Battery Swapping : A Comparative Load Profile Analysis for Regulated Freight}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITECEATS66641.2026.11593056}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/ITECEATS66641.2026.11593056}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}