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Visible-Light-Driven Aqueous Polymerization Enables in Situ Formation of Biocompatible, High-Performance Organic Mixed Conductors for Bioelectronics

Abrahamsson, Tobias ; Ek, Fredrik LU orcid ; Cornuéjols, Rémy ; Byun, Donghak ; Savvakis, Marios ; Bruschi, Cecilia ; Sahalianov, Ihor ; Miglbauer, Eva ; Musumeci, Chiara and Donahue, Mary J , et al. (2025) In Angewandte Chemie (International edition)
Abstract

Polymer-based organic mixed ion-electron conductors (OMIECs) are a class of materials offering unique coupled dual charge transport characteristics along with appealing properties including mechanical softness, biocompatibility, tunability, volumetric capacitance, and stability. These features have been exploited in devices including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), neuromorphic computing, energy storage, sensors, neural electrodes, and actuators. Conventionally, OMIEC polymers are prepared through chemical, vapor-phase, electrochemical, or enzymatic polymerization, typically relying on oxidants, metal catalysts, and/or organic solvents, significantly limiting their scalability, sustainability, and biocompatibility. Here, we... (More)

Polymer-based organic mixed ion-electron conductors (OMIECs) are a class of materials offering unique coupled dual charge transport characteristics along with appealing properties including mechanical softness, biocompatibility, tunability, volumetric capacitance, and stability. These features have been exploited in devices including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), neuromorphic computing, energy storage, sensors, neural electrodes, and actuators. Conventionally, OMIEC polymers are prepared through chemical, vapor-phase, electrochemical, or enzymatic polymerization, typically relying on oxidants, metal catalysts, and/or organic solvents, significantly limiting their scalability, sustainability, and biocompatibility. Here, we introduce an initiator-free, visible-light-induced polymerization of water-soluble conducting polymer precursors, enabling facile formation of high-performance and inherently biocompatible OMIECs. This novel approach allows direct photopatterning and seamless film deposition and manufacturing of OECTs across rigid, flexible, and biological substrates, exemplified by glass, textiles, and mouse skin (in vivo). Through careful optimization of the photopolymerization process, resulting OMIECs possess state-of-the-art electrical, electrochemical, and device properties along with exceptional compatibility and conformability with various flexible and biological surfaces. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these photopatterned electrodes, manufactured directly on mouse skin in vivo, where they significantly enhance the recording efficacy and signal-to-noise ratio of low-frequency brain activity in anesthetized mice.

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publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
epub
subject
in
Angewandte Chemie (International edition)
article number
e17897
publisher
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
external identifiers
  • pmid:41211808
ISSN
1521-3773
DOI
10.1002/anie.202517897
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
© 2025 The Author(s). Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.
id
d26f0424-4cff-4b8d-a079-061df5fbce06
date added to LUP
2025-11-12 16:22:44
date last changed
2025-11-13 14:01:53
@article{d26f0424-4cff-4b8d-a079-061df5fbce06,
  abstract     = {{<p>Polymer-based organic mixed ion-electron conductors (OMIECs) are a class of materials offering unique coupled dual charge transport characteristics along with appealing properties including mechanical softness, biocompatibility, tunability, volumetric capacitance, and stability. These features have been exploited in devices including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), neuromorphic computing, energy storage, sensors, neural electrodes, and actuators. Conventionally, OMIEC polymers are prepared through chemical, vapor-phase, electrochemical, or enzymatic polymerization, typically relying on oxidants, metal catalysts, and/or organic solvents, significantly limiting their scalability, sustainability, and biocompatibility. Here, we introduce an initiator-free, visible-light-induced polymerization of water-soluble conducting polymer precursors, enabling facile formation of high-performance and inherently biocompatible OMIECs. This novel approach allows direct photopatterning and seamless film deposition and manufacturing of OECTs across rigid, flexible, and biological substrates, exemplified by glass, textiles, and mouse skin (in vivo). Through careful optimization of the photopolymerization process, resulting OMIECs possess state-of-the-art electrical, electrochemical, and device properties along with exceptional compatibility and conformability with various flexible and biological surfaces. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these photopatterned electrodes, manufactured directly on mouse skin in vivo, where they significantly enhance the recording efficacy and signal-to-noise ratio of low-frequency brain activity in anesthetized mice.</p>}},
  author       = {{Abrahamsson, Tobias and Ek, Fredrik and Cornuéjols, Rémy and Byun, Donghak and Savvakis, Marios and Bruschi, Cecilia and Sahalianov, Ihor and Miglbauer, Eva and Musumeci, Chiara and Donahue, Mary J and Petsagkourakis, Ioannis and Gryszel, Maciej and Hjort, Martin and Gerasimov, Jennifer Y and Baryshnikov, Glib and Kroon, Renee and Simon, Daniel T and Berggren, Magnus and Uguz, Ilke and Olsson, Roger and Strakosas, Xenofon}},
  issn         = {{1521-3773}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{11}},
  publisher    = {{John Wiley & Sons Inc.}},
  series       = {{Angewandte Chemie (International edition)}},
  title        = {{Visible-Light-Driven Aqueous Polymerization Enables in Situ Formation of Biocompatible, High-Performance Organic Mixed Conductors for Bioelectronics}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202517897}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/anie.202517897}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}