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Plant-wide modelling of phosphorus transformations in wastewater treatment systems : Impacts of control and operational strategies

Solon, K. LU ; Flores-Alsina, X ; Kazadi Mbamba, Christian ; Ikumi, D. ; Volcke, E. I. P ; Vaneeckhaute, Céline ; Ekama, G. ; Vanrolleghem, P A ; Batstone, D. J. LU and Gernaey, K. V. LU , et al. (2017) In Water Research 113. p.97-110
Abstract

The objective of this paper is to report the effects that control/operational strategies may have on plant-wide phosphorus (P) transformations in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The development of a new set of biological (activated sludge, anaerobic digestion), physico-chemical (aqueous phase, precipitation, mass transfer) process models and model interfaces (between water and sludge line) were required to describe the required tri-phasic (gas, liquid, solid) compound transformations and the close interlinks between the P and the sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) cycles. A modified version of the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2) (open loop) is used as test platform upon which three different operational alternatives (A1,... (More)

The objective of this paper is to report the effects that control/operational strategies may have on plant-wide phosphorus (P) transformations in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The development of a new set of biological (activated sludge, anaerobic digestion), physico-chemical (aqueous phase, precipitation, mass transfer) process models and model interfaces (between water and sludge line) were required to describe the required tri-phasic (gas, liquid, solid) compound transformations and the close interlinks between the P and the sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) cycles. A modified version of the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2) (open loop) is used as test platform upon which three different operational alternatives (A1, A2, A3) are evaluated. Rigorous sensor and actuator models are also included in order to reproduce realistic control actions. Model-based analysis shows that the combination of an ammonium (SNHX ) and total suspended solids (XTSS) control strategy (A1) better adapts the system to influent dynamics, improves phosphate (SPO4 ) accumulation by phosphorus accumulating organisms (XPAO) (41%), increases nitrification/denitrification efficiency (18%) and reduces aeration energy (Eaeration) (21%). The addition of iron XFeCl3 ) for chemical P removal (A2) promotes the formation of ferric oxides (XHFO−H, XHFO−L), phosphate adsorption (XHFO−H,P, XHFO−L,P), co-precipitation (XHFO−H,P,old, XHFO−L,P,old) and consequently reduces the P levels in the effluent (from 2.8 to 0.9 g P.m−3). This also has an impact on the sludge line, with hydrogen sulfide production (GH2S) reduced (36%) due to iron sulfide (XFeS) precipitation. As a consequence, there is also a slightly higher energy production (Eproduction) from biogas. Lastly, the inclusion of a stripping and crystallization unit (A3) for P recovery reduces the quantity of P in the anaerobic digester supernatant returning to the water line and allows potential struvite (XMgNH4PO4 ) recovery ranging from 69 to 227 kg.day−1 depending on: (1) airflow (Qstripping); and, (2) magnesium (QMg(OH)2 ) addition. All the proposed alternatives are evaluated from an environmental and economical point of view using appropriate performance indices. Finally, some deficiencies and opportunities of the proposed approach when performing (plant-wide) wastewater treatment modelling/engineering projects are discussed.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Benchmarking, Control strategies, Multiple mineral precipitation, Nutrient removal, Physico-chemical modelling, Struvite recovery
in
Water Research
volume
113
pages
14 pages
publisher
Elsevier
external identifiers
  • scopus:85012117002
  • pmid:28199867
  • wos:000397362200011
ISSN
0043-1354
DOI
10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.007
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
f0224123-ebc8-4a53-bfac-4f09f7924ad7
date added to LUP
2017-02-22 11:16:10
date last changed
2024-03-17 08:47:07
@article{f0224123-ebc8-4a53-bfac-4f09f7924ad7,
  abstract     = {{<p>The objective of this paper is to report the effects that control/operational strategies may have on plant-wide phosphorus (P) transformations in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The development of a new set of biological (activated sludge, anaerobic digestion), physico-chemical (aqueous phase, precipitation, mass transfer) process models and model interfaces (between water and sludge line) were required to describe the required tri-phasic (gas, liquid, solid) compound transformations and the close interlinks between the P and the sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) cycles. A modified version of the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2) (open loop) is used as test platform upon which three different operational alternatives (A<sub>1</sub>, A<sub>2</sub>, A<sub>3</sub>) are evaluated. Rigorous sensor and actuator models are also included in order to reproduce realistic control actions. Model-based analysis shows that the combination of an ammonium (S<sub>NH<sub>X</sub> </sub>) and total suspended solids (X<sub>TSS</sub>) control strategy (A<sub>1</sub>) better adapts the system to influent dynamics, improves phosphate (S<sub>PO<sub>4</sub> </sub>) accumulation by phosphorus accumulating organisms (X<sub>PAO</sub>) (41%), increases nitrification/denitrification efficiency (18%) and reduces aeration energy (E<sub>aeration</sub>) (21%). The addition of iron X<sub>FeCl<sub>3</sub> </sub>) for chemical P removal (A<sub>2</sub>) promotes the formation of ferric oxides (X<sub>HFO−H</sub>, X<sub>HFO−L</sub>), phosphate adsorption (X<sub>HFO−H,P</sub>, X<sub>HFO−L,P</sub>), co-precipitation (X<sub>HFO−H,P,old</sub>, X<sub>HFO−L,P,old</sub>) and consequently reduces the P levels in the effluent (from 2.8 to 0.9 g P.m<sup>−3</sup>). This also has an impact on the sludge line, with hydrogen sulfide production (G<sub>H<sub>2</sub>S</sub>) reduced (36%) due to iron sulfide (X<sub>FeS</sub>) precipitation. As a consequence, there is also a slightly higher energy production (E<sub>production</sub>) from biogas. Lastly, the inclusion of a stripping and crystallization unit (A<sub>3</sub>) for P recovery reduces the quantity of P in the anaerobic digester supernatant returning to the water line and allows potential struvite (X<sub>MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> </sub>) recovery ranging from 69 to 227 kg.day<sup>−1</sup> depending on: (1) airflow (Q<sub>stripping</sub>); and, (2) magnesium (Q<sub>Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> </sub>) addition. All the proposed alternatives are evaluated from an environmental and economical point of view using appropriate performance indices. Finally, some deficiencies and opportunities of the proposed approach when performing (plant-wide) wastewater treatment modelling/engineering projects are discussed.</p>}},
  author       = {{Solon, K. and Flores-Alsina, X and Kazadi Mbamba, Christian and Ikumi, D. and Volcke, E. I. P and Vaneeckhaute, Céline and Ekama, G. and Vanrolleghem, P A and Batstone, D. J. and Gernaey, K. V. and Jeppsson, U.}},
  issn         = {{0043-1354}},
  keywords     = {{Benchmarking; Control strategies; Multiple mineral precipitation; Nutrient removal; Physico-chemical modelling; Struvite recovery}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{04}},
  pages        = {{97--110}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  series       = {{Water Research}},
  title        = {{Plant-wide modelling of phosphorus transformations in wastewater treatment systems : Impacts of control and operational strategies}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.007}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.007}},
  volume       = {{113}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}