Exploring the Potential to Improve Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancer by Exogenous Catalase and m-ALA Delivery Using a Crystalip® Topical Cream Formulation
(2026) KLGM16 20252Food Technology and Nutrition (M.Sc.)
Biotechnology (MSc)
Biotechnology (M.Sc.Eng.)
- Abstract
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment for actinic keratosis and selected non-melanoma skin cancers. Still, its broader use is limited by pain, skin irritation, and formulation constraints associated with high photosensitiser concentrations. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Crystalip®-based topical PDT formulation that enables two-step manufacturing, delivers methyl-aminolevulinate (m-ALA) efficiently, improves oxygen availability, and is scalable compared with current commercial products.
Crystalip® creams based on glycerol monolaurate and glycerol monomyristate were prepared using a two-step hydration process designed to allow incorporation of the heat-sensitive m-ALA after cooling. The effects of heating... (More) - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment for actinic keratosis and selected non-melanoma skin cancers. Still, its broader use is limited by pain, skin irritation, and formulation constraints associated with high photosensitiser concentrations. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Crystalip®-based topical PDT formulation that enables two-step manufacturing, delivers methyl-aminolevulinate (m-ALA) efficiently, improves oxygen availability, and is scalable compared with current commercial products.
Crystalip® creams based on glycerol monolaurate and glycerol monomyristate were prepared using a two-step hydration process designed to allow incorporation of the heat-sensitive m-ALA after cooling. The effects of heating method, water-addition strategy, and batch scale (10 g–1 kg) on crystal structure and viscosity were investigated using optical microscopy and rheological measurements. m-ALA permeation from Crystalip® creams containing 0.5–1.6 % (w/w) m-ALA was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells and compared with the commercial reference formulation Metvix® (16 % m-ALA). In addition, a catalase-containing Crystalip® formulation was assessed for its ability to enhance oxygen availability using electrochemical measurements with a skin-covered oxygen electrode.
The results showed that Crystalip® creams can be reproducibly manufactured using a two-step hydration process suitable for incorporating heat-sensitive actives. Controlled heating and staged water addition reduced variability in viscosity, and scale-up from 10 g to 1 kg improved formulation homogeneity. Although absolute m-ALA permeation from Crystalip® formulations was substantially lower than from the commercial reference formulation Metvix®, the release kinetics were diffusion-controlled and scaled with m-ALA concentration, indicating a similar underlying release mechanism across formulations. Catalase remained active when incorporated into Crystalip® and increased local oxygen generation.
Overall, the study demonstrates that Crystalip® is a scalable lipid-based platform capable of incorporating m-ALA and catalase, supporting further development of alternative PDT formulations with reduced drug concentrations and improved oxygen availability. (Less) - Popular Abstract (Swedish)
- Förbättring av Krämer för Fotodynamisk Behandling av Hudcancer
Fotodynamisk terapi (PDT) är en modern och relativt skonsam behandlingsmetod som används vid vissa typer av hudcancer och förstadier till hudcancer. I stället för att operera bort vävnad används ett ljuskänsligt läkemedel som appliceras på huden. När det behandlade området belyses med ljus av en specifik våglängd reagerar läkemedlet med syre i vävnaden och bildar mycket reaktiva molekyler som förstör cancerceller. Den omgivande friska vävnaden skonas i stor utsträckning, vilket ofta ger goda kosmetiska resultat.
För att PDT ska fungera effektivt måste tre komponenter finnas samtidigt: det ljuskänsliga läkemedlet, ljus med rätt våglängd och tillräckligt med syre i huden. Om... (More) - Förbättring av Krämer för Fotodynamisk Behandling av Hudcancer
Fotodynamisk terapi (PDT) är en modern och relativt skonsam behandlingsmetod som används vid vissa typer av hudcancer och förstadier till hudcancer. I stället för att operera bort vävnad används ett ljuskänsligt läkemedel som appliceras på huden. När det behandlade området belyses med ljus av en specifik våglängd reagerar läkemedlet med syre i vävnaden och bildar mycket reaktiva molekyler som förstör cancerceller. Den omgivande friska vävnaden skonas i stor utsträckning, vilket ofta ger goda kosmetiska resultat.
För att PDT ska fungera effektivt måste tre komponenter finnas samtidigt: det ljuskänsliga läkemedlet, ljus med rätt våglängd och tillräckligt med syre i huden. Om läkemedlet inte tränger ner tillräckligt djupt, eller om syrenivåerna är för låga, blir behandlingen mindre effektiv. Många av dagens PDT-krämer innehåller höga koncentrationer av den aktiva substansen för att tillräckligt mycket läkemedel ska kunna passera hudens barriär. Höga koncentrationer kan dock orsaka smärta, rodnad och irritation under och efter behandlingen. Det finns därför ett behov av smartare formuleringar som levererar läkemedlet effektivt samtidigt som lägre doser kan användas.
Detta projekt undersökte om en lipidbaserad krämplattform kallad Crystalip® kan användas för att utveckla förbättrade PDT-krämer. Målet var att utvärdera läkemedelsleverans, möjligheten till reproducerbar och storskalig tillverkning samt potentialen att öka syretillgängligheten under behandling.
Ett viktigt krav på nya medicinska krämer är att de kan produceras på ett reproducerbart sätt och skalas upp till industriell tillverkning. I studien testades en tvåstegsmetod för produktion. Först framställdes själva kräm-basen, och därefter tillsattes det värmekänsliga PDT-läkemedlet metyl-aminolevulinat (m-ALA) vid lägre temperatur för att undvika nedbrytning.
Genom att variera mängden vatten som tillsattes i olika steg av tillverkningen undersöktes hur krämens inre struktur förändrades. Mikroskopi visade hur små lipidkristaller bildades i krämen, medan viskositetsmätningar visade hur tjock och lättutbredd den blev. Resultaten visade att tillverkningsmetoden var robust och att krämens egenskaper kunde justeras genom att ändra processförhållandena. Viktigt var också att en uppskalning från små laboratoriebatcher till större volymer förbättrade formuleringens homogenitet. Detta är avgörande för att säkerställa jämn kvalitet vid klinisk användning.
Nästa steg var att undersöka hur effektivt krämen levererade PDT-läkemedlet. Tre Crystalip®-krämer med lägre koncentrationer av m-ALA (0,5 %, 1,0 % och 1,6 %) jämfördes med en kommersiell produkt som innehåller 16 % m-ALA med hjälp av en laboratoriemodell som efterliknar diffusion genom huden.
Som förväntat frisatte den kommersiella produkten mer läkemedel under experimentet. En viktig observation var dock att alla formuleringar, både den kommersiella krämen och Crystalip®-krämerna, följde samma grundläggande frisättningsmekanism. Läkemedlet frisattes genom diffusion, vilket innebär att processen styrdes av förutsägbara fysikaliska principer. Inom Crystalip®-serien ledde högre läkemedelskoncentrationer till proportionellt högre frisättning. Detta tyder på att plattformen i sig inte hindrar läkemedelsleverans, utan att mängden som frisätts kan justeras genom att ändra koncentrationen.
En annan viktig begränsning vid PDT är syretillgången. När det ljusaktiverade läkemedlet förstör cancerceller förbrukas syre. Om syrenivåerna sjunker för mycket blir behandlingen mindre effektiv. Tumörer kan dessutom redan ha nedsatt syretillförsel, vilket gör detta till en betydande utmaning.
För att hantera detta undersökte projektet om syrenivåerna vid hudytan tillfälligt kunde ökas. Ett enzym kallat katalas inkorporerades i Crystalip®-krämen. Katalas bryter ner väteperoxid till vatten och syre. När den katalasinnehållande krämen kombinerades med en väteperoxidkräm ökade syreproduktionen tydligt i laboratoriemätningar. Enzymet förblev aktivt i formuleringen, och ökningen av syre var tillfällig och återgick till normala nivåer efter en kort tid. Detta är fördelaktigt eftersom långvarig oxidativ stress skulle kunna skada frisk vävnad.
Sammanfattningsvis tyder resultaten på att Crystalip® är en lovande och flexibel plattform för framtida PDT-krämer. Den möjliggör kontrollerad tillverkning, uppskalning, justerbar läkemedelskoncentration och potential att förbättra syretillgängligheten. Även om de experimentella krämerna frisatte mindre läkemedel än den kommersiella referensen under de specifika laboratorieförhållandena, följde de samma förutsägbara frisättningsmönster. Detta tyder på att ytterligare optimering skulle kunna göra Crystalip®-baserade formuleringar till konkurrenskraftiga alternativ.
På lång sikt kan förbättrade PDT-krämer leda till mer skonsamma behandlingar, färre biverkningar och potentiellt mer effektiv terapi för patienter med hudcancer och förstadier till hudcancer. Studien utgör ett viktigt steg mot att utveckla smartare och mer anpassningsbara formuleringar för ljusbaserad cancerbehandling. (Less) - Popular Abstract
- Improving creams for photodynamic skin cancer treatment
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern and relatively gentle treatment used for certain types of skin cancer and precancerous skin changes. Instead of surgically removing tissue, the method uses a light-sensitive drug that is applied to the skin. When the treated area is exposed to a specific type of light, the drug reacts with oxygen in the tissue, forming highly reactive molecules that destroy cancer cells. Surrounding healthy tissue is largely spared, which often results in good cosmetic outcomes.
For PDT to work effectively, three components must be present simultaneously: the light-sensitive drug, light of the correct wavelength, and sufficient oxygen in the skin. If the drug... (More) - Improving creams for photodynamic skin cancer treatment
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern and relatively gentle treatment used for certain types of skin cancer and precancerous skin changes. Instead of surgically removing tissue, the method uses a light-sensitive drug that is applied to the skin. When the treated area is exposed to a specific type of light, the drug reacts with oxygen in the tissue, forming highly reactive molecules that destroy cancer cells. Surrounding healthy tissue is largely spared, which often results in good cosmetic outcomes.
For PDT to work effectively, three components must be present simultaneously: the light-sensitive drug, light of the correct wavelength, and sufficient oxygen in the skin. If the drug does not penetrate deeply enough, or if oxygen levels are too low, the treatment becomes less effective. Many current PDT creams contain high concentrations of the active ingredient to deliver sufficient drug through the skin barrier. However, high concentrations can cause pain, redness, and irritation during and after treatment. Therefore, there is a need for smarter formulations that deliver the drug efficiently while potentially using lower doses.
This project investigated whether a lipid-based cream platform called Crystalip® could be used to develop improved PDT creams. The aim was to evaluate drug delivery, manufacturing feasibility, and the potential to increase oxygen availability during treatment.
A key requirement for new medical creams is that they can be produced reproducibly and scaled up for industrial manufacturing. In this study, a two-step production method was tested. The cream base was first prepared, and the heat-sensitive PDT drug methyl-aminolevulinate (m-ALA) was added later at a lower temperature to prevent degradation.
By varying the amount of water added at different stages of production, the researchers examined how the cream’s internal structure changed. Microscopy showed how small lipid crystals formed within the cream, while viscosity measurements revealed how thick and spreadable it became. The results showed that the manufacturing method was robust and that varying processing conditions could adjust the cream’s properties. Importantly, scaling up production from small laboratory batches to larger volumes improved the formulation's uniformity. This is essential for ensuring consistent quality in clinical use.
The next step was to study how effectively the cream delivered the PDT drug. Three Crystalip® creams with lower m-ALA concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.6%) were compared with a commercial product containing 16% m-ALA using a laboratory diffusion model.
As expected, the commercial product released more drug during the experiment. However, an important finding was that all formulations, both the commercial cream and the Crystalip® creams, shared the same basic release mechanism. The drug was released via diffusion, meaning the process followed predictable physical principles. Within the Crystalip® series, higher drug concentrations led to proportionally higher release rates. This suggests that the platform itself does not block drug delivery, but that the amount released can be adjusted by modifying the concentration.
Another important limitation in PDT is oxygen availability. When the light-activated drug destroys cancer cells, oxygen is consumed. If oxygen levels drop too much, the treatment becomes less efficient. Tumours can already have reduced oxygen supply, which makes this a significant challenge.
To address this, the project explored whether oxygen levels at the skin surface could be temporarily increased. An enzyme called catalase was incorporated into the Crystalip® cream. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. When the catalase-containing cream was combined with a hydrogen peroxide cream, oxygen production increased significantly in laboratory measurements. The enzyme remained active in the formulation, and the increase in oxygen was temporary, returning to normal levels after a short time. This is beneficial, since prolonged oxidative stress could harm healthy tissue.
Overall, the results suggest that Crystalip® is a promising and flexible platform for future PDT creams. It enables controlled manufacturing, scalable production, adjustable drug loading, and the potential to enhance oxygen availability. Although the experimental creams released less drug than the commercial reference under the specific laboratory conditions used, they followed the same predictable release behaviour. This indicates that further optimisation could make Crystalip®-based formulations competitive alternatives.
In the long term, improved PDT creams could lead to more comfortable treatments, fewer side effects, and potentially more effective therapy for patients with skin cancer and precancerous lesions. This study represents an important step toward developing smarter and more adaptable formulations for light-based cancer treatment. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9224072
- author
- Humaloja Skarsten, Madeleine LU
- supervisor
-
- Lars Nilsson LU
- organization
- course
- KLGM16 20252
- year
- 2026
- type
- H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
- subject
- keywords
- photodynamic therapy, catalase, m-ALA, skin cancer, crystalip, pharmaceutical formulation
- language
- English
- id
- 9224072
- date added to LUP
- 2026-04-30 08:52:55
- date last changed
- 2026-04-30 08:52:55
@misc{9224072,
abstract = {{Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment for actinic keratosis and selected non-melanoma skin cancers. Still, its broader use is limited by pain, skin irritation, and formulation constraints associated with high photosensitiser concentrations. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Crystalip®-based topical PDT formulation that enables two-step manufacturing, delivers methyl-aminolevulinate (m-ALA) efficiently, improves oxygen availability, and is scalable compared with current commercial products.
Crystalip® creams based on glycerol monolaurate and glycerol monomyristate were prepared using a two-step hydration process designed to allow incorporation of the heat-sensitive m-ALA after cooling. The effects of heating method, water-addition strategy, and batch scale (10 g–1 kg) on crystal structure and viscosity were investigated using optical microscopy and rheological measurements. m-ALA permeation from Crystalip® creams containing 0.5–1.6 % (w/w) m-ALA was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells and compared with the commercial reference formulation Metvix® (16 % m-ALA). In addition, a catalase-containing Crystalip® formulation was assessed for its ability to enhance oxygen availability using electrochemical measurements with a skin-covered oxygen electrode.
The results showed that Crystalip® creams can be reproducibly manufactured using a two-step hydration process suitable for incorporating heat-sensitive actives. Controlled heating and staged water addition reduced variability in viscosity, and scale-up from 10 g to 1 kg improved formulation homogeneity. Although absolute m-ALA permeation from Crystalip® formulations was substantially lower than from the commercial reference formulation Metvix®, the release kinetics were diffusion-controlled and scaled with m-ALA concentration, indicating a similar underlying release mechanism across formulations. Catalase remained active when incorporated into Crystalip® and increased local oxygen generation.
Overall, the study demonstrates that Crystalip® is a scalable lipid-based platform capable of incorporating m-ALA and catalase, supporting further development of alternative PDT formulations with reduced drug concentrations and improved oxygen availability.}},
author = {{Humaloja Skarsten, Madeleine}},
language = {{eng}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Exploring the Potential to Improve Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancer by Exogenous Catalase and m-ALA Delivery Using a Crystalip® Topical Cream Formulation}},
year = {{2026}},
}