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Engineered and decellularized human cartilage graft exhibits intrinsic immunosuppressive properties and full skeletal repair capacity

Garcia Garcia, Alejandro LU ; Prithiviraj, Sujeethkumar LU ; Raina, Deepak Bushan LU ; Schmidt, Tobias LU ; Gonzalez Anton, Sara LU ; Rabanal Cajal, Laura LU ; Hidalgo Gil, David LU ; Tägil, Magnus LU ; Hyrenius-Wittsten, Axel LU and Dahlgren, Madelene W LU orcid , et al. (2026) In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 123(2).
Abstract

Tissue engineering strategies predominantly consist of the autologous generation of living substitutes capable of restoring damaged body parts. Persisting challenges with patient-specific approaches include inconsistent performance, high costs, and delayed graft availability. Toward developing a one-for-all solution, a more attractive paradigm lies in the exploitation of dedicated cell lines for the fabrication of human tissue grafts. Following decellularization, this new class of biomaterials relies on the sole extracellular matrix and embedded growth factors instructing endogenous repair. This conceptual approach was previously validated using a custom mesenchymal cell line for the manufacturing of human cartilage, exhibiting... (More)

Tissue engineering strategies predominantly consist of the autologous generation of living substitutes capable of restoring damaged body parts. Persisting challenges with patient-specific approaches include inconsistent performance, high costs, and delayed graft availability. Toward developing a one-for-all solution, a more attractive paradigm lies in the exploitation of dedicated cell lines for the fabrication of human tissue grafts. Following decellularization, this new class of biomaterials relies on the sole extracellular matrix and embedded growth factors instructing endogenous repair. This conceptual approach was previously validated using a custom mesenchymal cell line for the manufacturing of human cartilage, exhibiting remarkable osteoinductive capacity following lyophilization. Key missing criteria to envision clinical translation include proper decellularization as well as stringent assessment of both immunogenicity and regenerative performance. Here, we report the engineering and subsequent decellularization of human cartilage tissue with minimal matrix impairment. Ectopic evaluation in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised animals reveals preservation of osteoinductivity predicted by macrophage kinetic of polarization. By establishing in vitro human allogeneic coculture models, we evidenced the immunosuppressive properties of cell-free human cartilages, controlling macrophage and dendritic cell maturation as well as T cell activation. Finally, regenerative performance was stringently assessed in an IC rat orthotopic model whereby decellularized human cartilage grafts achieved morphological and mechanical restoration of all critical-sized femoral defects. Taken together, our study provides robust safety and efficacy prerequisites prompting a first-in-human trial for engineered and decellularized human tissue grafts.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Humans, Tissue Engineering/methods, Animals, Cartilage/transplantation, Rats, Macrophages/immunology, Extracellular Matrix, Tissue Scaffolds, Decellularized Extracellular Matrix
in
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
volume
123
issue
2
article number
e2507185123
publisher
National Academy of Sciences
external identifiers
  • scopus:105027037912
  • pmid:41512032
ISSN
1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.2507185123
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
34173522-5700-438c-bdba-ea156e205992
date added to LUP
2026-01-28 15:17:08
date last changed
2026-01-29 04:00:39
@article{34173522-5700-438c-bdba-ea156e205992,
  abstract     = {{<p>Tissue engineering strategies predominantly consist of the autologous generation of living substitutes capable of restoring damaged body parts. Persisting challenges with patient-specific approaches include inconsistent performance, high costs, and delayed graft availability. Toward developing a one-for-all solution, a more attractive paradigm lies in the exploitation of dedicated cell lines for the fabrication of human tissue grafts. Following decellularization, this new class of biomaterials relies on the sole extracellular matrix and embedded growth factors instructing endogenous repair. This conceptual approach was previously validated using a custom mesenchymal cell line for the manufacturing of human cartilage, exhibiting remarkable osteoinductive capacity following lyophilization. Key missing criteria to envision clinical translation include proper decellularization as well as stringent assessment of both immunogenicity and regenerative performance. Here, we report the engineering and subsequent decellularization of human cartilage tissue with minimal matrix impairment. Ectopic evaluation in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised animals reveals preservation of osteoinductivity predicted by macrophage kinetic of polarization. By establishing in vitro human allogeneic coculture models, we evidenced the immunosuppressive properties of cell-free human cartilages, controlling macrophage and dendritic cell maturation as well as T cell activation. Finally, regenerative performance was stringently assessed in an IC rat orthotopic model whereby decellularized human cartilage grafts achieved morphological and mechanical restoration of all critical-sized femoral defects. Taken together, our study provides robust safety and efficacy prerequisites prompting a first-in-human trial for engineered and decellularized human tissue grafts.</p>}},
  author       = {{Garcia Garcia, Alejandro and Prithiviraj, Sujeethkumar and Raina, Deepak Bushan and Schmidt, Tobias and Gonzalez Anton, Sara and Rabanal Cajal, Laura and Hidalgo Gil, David and Tägil, Magnus and Hyrenius-Wittsten, Axel and Dahlgren, Madelene W and Kahn, Robin and Bourgine, Paul E}},
  issn         = {{1091-6490}},
  keywords     = {{Humans; Tissue Engineering/methods; Animals; Cartilage/transplantation; Rats; Macrophages/immunology; Extracellular Matrix; Tissue Scaffolds; Decellularized Extracellular Matrix}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{01}},
  number       = {{2}},
  publisher    = {{National Academy of Sciences}},
  series       = {{Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}},
  title        = {{Engineered and decellularized human cartilage graft exhibits intrinsic immunosuppressive properties and full skeletal repair capacity}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2507185123}},
  doi          = {{10.1073/pnas.2507185123}},
  volume       = {{123}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}