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Do eye trackers estimate eyeball rotation? : The relationship between tracked eye image feature and estimated saccadic waveform

Nyström, Marcus LU orcid ; Niehorster, Diederick C LU orcid ; Hessels, Roy S ; Andersson, Richard LU ; Skrok, Marta K ; Konklewski, Robert ; Stremplewski, Patrycjusz ; Nowakowski, Maciej ; Lipiński, Jakub and Tamborski, Szymon , et al. (2025) In Behavior Research Methods 57(12).
Abstract

The eyeball is not rigid and deforms during saccades. As a consequence, the saccade waveform recorded by an eye tracker may depend on which structure of the eye is used to estimate eyeball rotation. Here, we systematically describe and compare signals co-recorded from the retina, the cornea (corneal reflection, CR), the pupil, and the lens (fourth Purkinje reflection, P4) during saccades. We found that several commonly used parameters for saccade characterization differ systematically across the signals. For instance, saccades in the retinal signal had earlier onsets compared to saccades in the pupil and the P4 signals. The retinal signal had the smallest saccade amplitude and reached the peak saccade velocity earlier compared to the... (More)

The eyeball is not rigid and deforms during saccades. As a consequence, the saccade waveform recorded by an eye tracker may depend on which structure of the eye is used to estimate eyeball rotation. Here, we systematically describe and compare signals co-recorded from the retina, the cornea (corneal reflection, CR), the pupil, and the lens (fourth Purkinje reflection, P4) during saccades. We found that several commonly used parameters for saccade characterization differ systematically across the signals. For instance, saccades in the retinal signal had earlier onsets compared to saccades in the pupil and the P4 signals. The retinal signal had the smallest saccade amplitude and reached the peak saccade velocity earlier compared to the other signals. At the end of saccades, the retinal signal came to a stop faster than the other signals. We discuss possible explanations that may account for the relationship between the retinal signal and the other signals.

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organization
publishing date
type
Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Humans, Saccades/physiology, Eye-Tracking Technology, Rotation, Male, Pupil/physiology, Retina/physiology, Adult, Female, Young Adult, Cornea/physiology
in
Behavior Research Methods
volume
57
issue
12
article number
329
pages
9 pages
publisher
Springer
external identifiers
  • pmid:41168637
ISSN
1554-3528
DOI
10.3758/s13428-025-02862-5
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
© 2025. The Author(s).
id
3a926eb1-af8c-43b2-b190-430157431d7e
date added to LUP
2025-11-01 19:42:33
date last changed
2025-11-05 13:22:13
@article{3a926eb1-af8c-43b2-b190-430157431d7e,
  abstract     = {{<p>The eyeball is not rigid and deforms during saccades. As a consequence, the saccade waveform recorded by an eye tracker may depend on which structure of the eye is used to estimate eyeball rotation. Here, we systematically describe and compare signals co-recorded from the retina, the cornea (corneal reflection, CR), the pupil, and the lens (fourth Purkinje reflection, P4) during saccades. We found that several commonly used parameters for saccade characterization differ systematically across the signals. For instance, saccades in the retinal signal had earlier onsets compared to saccades in the pupil and the P4 signals. The retinal signal had the smallest saccade amplitude and reached the peak saccade velocity earlier compared to the other signals. At the end of saccades, the retinal signal came to a stop faster than the other signals. We discuss possible explanations that may account for the relationship between the retinal signal and the other signals.</p>}},
  author       = {{Nyström, Marcus and Niehorster, Diederick C and Hessels, Roy S and Andersson, Richard and Skrok, Marta K and Konklewski, Robert and Stremplewski, Patrycjusz and Nowakowski, Maciej and Lipiński, Jakub and Tamborski, Szymon and Szkulmowska, Anna and Szkulmowski, Maciej and Hooge, Ignace T C}},
  issn         = {{1554-3528}},
  keywords     = {{Humans; Saccades/physiology; Eye-Tracking Technology; Rotation; Male; Pupil/physiology; Retina/physiology; Adult; Female; Young Adult; Cornea/physiology}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{10}},
  number       = {{12}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  series       = {{Behavior Research Methods}},
  title        = {{Do eye trackers estimate eyeball rotation? : The relationship between tracked eye image feature and estimated saccadic waveform}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-025-02862-5}},
  doi          = {{10.3758/s13428-025-02862-5}},
  volume       = {{57}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}