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Palaeolithic diet decreases fasting plasma leptin concentrations more than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes : A randomised cross-over trial

Fontes-Villalba, Maelán LU ; Lindeberg, Staffan LU ; Granfeldt, Yvonne LU ; Knop, Filip K. ; Memon, Ashfaque A. LU orcid ; Carrera-Bastos, Pedro LU ; Picazo, Óscar ; Chanrai, Madhvi ; Sundquist, Jan LU and Sundquist, Kristina LU , et al. (2016) In Cardiovascular Diabetology 15(1).
Abstract

Background: We have previously shown that a Palaeolithic diet consisting of the typical food groups that our ancestors ate during the Palaeolithic era, improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and glucose control compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. To elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects, we evaluated fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon, insulin, incretins, ghrelin, C-peptide and adipokines from the same study. Methods: In a randomised, open-label, cross-over study, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to eat a Palaeolithic diet based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts, or a diabetes diet designed in accordance... (More)

Background: We have previously shown that a Palaeolithic diet consisting of the typical food groups that our ancestors ate during the Palaeolithic era, improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and glucose control compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. To elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects, we evaluated fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon, insulin, incretins, ghrelin, C-peptide and adipokines from the same study. Methods: In a randomised, open-label, cross-over study, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to eat a Palaeolithic diet based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts, or a diabetes diet designed in accordance with current diabetes dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods. The patients were recruited from primary health-care units and included three women and 10 men [age (mean ± SD) 64 ± 6 years; BMI 30 ± 7 kg/m2; diabetes duration 8 ± 5 years; glycated haemoglobin 6.6 ± 0.6 % (57.3 ± 6 mmol/mol)] with unaltered diabetes treatment and stable body weight for 3 months prior to the start of the study. Outcome variables included fasting plasma concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, visfatin, resistin, glucagon, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin. Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records. Results: Seven participants started with the Palaeolithic diet and six with the diabetes diet. The Palaeolithic diet resulted in a large effect size (Cohen's d = -1.26) at lowering fasting plasma leptin levels compared to the diabetes diet [mean difference (95 % CI), -2.3 (-5.1 to 0.4) ng/ml, p = 0.023]. No statistically significant differences between the diets for the other variables, analysed in this study, were observed. Conclusions: Over a 3-month study period, a Palaeolithic diet resulted in reduced fasting plasma leptin levels, but did not change fasting levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, incretins, ghrelin and adipokines compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet. Trial registration: Clinical Trials.gov NCT00435240.

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publishing date
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Contribution to journal
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Adiposopathy, Evolution, Glucagon, Leptin, Lipotoxicity, Palaeolithic diet, Type 2 diabetes
in
Cardiovascular Diabetology
volume
15
issue
1
article number
80
publisher
BioMed Central (BMC)
external identifiers
  • pmid:27216013
  • wos:000377851900001
  • scopus:84969560259
ISSN
1475-2840
DOI
10.1186/s12933-016-0398-1
language
English
LU publication?
yes
id
c0a47d4d-5773-473d-b630-96df103c1216
date added to LUP
2016-06-17 16:21:36
date last changed
2025-01-12 07:28:56
@article{c0a47d4d-5773-473d-b630-96df103c1216,
  abstract     = {{<p>Background: We have previously shown that a Palaeolithic diet consisting of the typical food groups that our ancestors ate during the Palaeolithic era, improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and glucose control compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. To elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects, we evaluated fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon, insulin, incretins, ghrelin, C-peptide and adipokines from the same study. Methods: In a randomised, open-label, cross-over study, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to eat a Palaeolithic diet based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts, or a diabetes diet designed in accordance with current diabetes dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods. The patients were recruited from primary health-care units and included three women and 10 men [age (mean ± SD) 64 ± 6 years; BMI 30 ± 7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; diabetes duration 8 ± 5 years; glycated haemoglobin 6.6 ± 0.6 % (57.3 ± 6 mmol/mol)] with unaltered diabetes treatment and stable body weight for 3 months prior to the start of the study. Outcome variables included fasting plasma concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, visfatin, resistin, glucagon, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin. Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records. Results: Seven participants started with the Palaeolithic diet and six with the diabetes diet. The Palaeolithic diet resulted in a large effect size (Cohen's d = -1.26) at lowering fasting plasma leptin levels compared to the diabetes diet [mean difference (95 % CI), -2.3 (-5.1 to 0.4) ng/ml, p = 0.023]. No statistically significant differences between the diets for the other variables, analysed in this study, were observed. Conclusions: Over a 3-month study period, a Palaeolithic diet resulted in reduced fasting plasma leptin levels, but did not change fasting levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, incretins, ghrelin and adipokines compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet. Trial registration: Clinical Trials.gov NCT00435240.</p>}},
  author       = {{Fontes-Villalba, Maelán and Lindeberg, Staffan and Granfeldt, Yvonne and Knop, Filip K. and Memon, Ashfaque A. and Carrera-Bastos, Pedro and Picazo, Óscar and Chanrai, Madhvi and Sundquist, Jan and Sundquist, Kristina and Jönsson, Tommy}},
  issn         = {{1475-2840}},
  keywords     = {{Adiposopathy; Evolution; Glucagon; Leptin; Lipotoxicity; Palaeolithic diet; Type 2 diabetes}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{05}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{BioMed Central (BMC)}},
  series       = {{Cardiovascular Diabetology}},
  title        = {{Palaeolithic diet decreases fasting plasma leptin concentrations more than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes : A randomised cross-over trial}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0398-1}},
  doi          = {{10.1186/s12933-016-0398-1}},
  volume       = {{15}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}