Nutritional status of children under-five in rural mozambique : the role of phytate intake and mineral bioavailability
(2026) In Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 45(1).- Abstract
Background: Globally, undernutrition is responsible for over 3.5 million deaths among children under the age of 5. In Mozambique, it remains a major contributing factor to the high rates of child mortality and illness. Essential micronutrients like zinc, iron, and calcium play a vital role in healthy growth and development. However, their absorption is hindered by anti-nutrients such as phytates, which chelate these minerals and reduce their bioavailability. The extent of this inhibitory effect largely depends on the molar ratios of phytate to the respective minerals. Objective: To assess the dietary patterns and quality of diets consumed by young children; with a primary focus on micronutrients adequacy, phytate intake and the... (More)
Background: Globally, undernutrition is responsible for over 3.5 million deaths among children under the age of 5. In Mozambique, it remains a major contributing factor to the high rates of child mortality and illness. Essential micronutrients like zinc, iron, and calcium play a vital role in healthy growth and development. However, their absorption is hindered by anti-nutrients such as phytates, which chelate these minerals and reduce their bioavailability. The extent of this inhibitory effect largely depends on the molar ratios of phytate to the respective minerals. Objective: To assess the dietary patterns and quality of diets consumed by young children; with a primary focus on micronutrients adequacy, phytate intake and the implications on mineral bioavailability. Methods: Anthropometric measurements and dietary assessment of 47 children, aged 2 to 5 years, accompanied by their mothers. The method Food Photography 24-h Recall (FP24hR) was used for three consecutive days to evaluate their nutrient intake, which included macronutrients, 15 micronutrients and phytate intake. The estimated mineral bioavailability of the diets was determined based on the phytate-to-mineral molar ratios. Results: Stunting was found in 32% of children and waste in 6% of them, 2% of children were underweight, and 13% were overweight. Children were found to be at risk of calcium, zinc, vitamins A, E, B12 and folate deficiencies. The molar ratio phytate-to-Zinc (phy:Zn) was between 22.3 and 31.2; phytate-to-Iron (phy:Fe) was between 7.2 and 16.3 and phytate-to-Calcium (phy:Ca) was between 0.34 and 0.53. All the ratios exceeded the recommended values phy:Zn < 15, phy:Fe < 1, and phy:Ca < 0.24, which indicates that phytate in the children’s diet can negatively affect the bioavailability of zinc, iron and calcium. Conclusion: The high prevalence of stunting among children in this study highlights a persistent issue of chronic undernutrition in the region. The elevated phytate-to-mineral molar ratios suggest a reduced mineral absorption, which is a contributing factor to growth failure in children. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted nutrition policies in Mozambique to address both dietary quality and phytate content.
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- author
- Sateikaite, Ieva ; Samaei, Yasaman ; Khan, Maida ; Carvalho, Irene LU and Lazarte, Claudia E. LU
- organization
- publishing date
- 2026-02
- type
- Contribution to journal
- publication status
- published
- subject
- keywords
- 24-h food photography recall, Mineral bioavailability, Mozambique, Nutritional status, Phytate
- in
- Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
- volume
- 45
- issue
- 1
- article number
- 74
- publisher
- BioMed Central (BMC)
- external identifiers
-
- pmid:41689148
- scopus:105030987701
- ISSN
- 1606-0997
- DOI
- 10.1186/s41043-026-01247-4
- language
- English
- LU publication?
- yes
- additional info
- Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2026.
- id
- 4bba24a4-4bc0-44cd-aa31-4e4cff5dfe9c
- date added to LUP
- 2026-04-01 13:17:03
- date last changed
- 2026-05-13 18:49:08
@article{4bba24a4-4bc0-44cd-aa31-4e4cff5dfe9c,
abstract = {{<p>Background: Globally, undernutrition is responsible for over 3.5 million deaths among children under the age of 5. In Mozambique, it remains a major contributing factor to the high rates of child mortality and illness. Essential micronutrients like zinc, iron, and calcium play a vital role in healthy growth and development. However, their absorption is hindered by anti-nutrients such as phytates, which chelate these minerals and reduce their bioavailability. The extent of this inhibitory effect largely depends on the molar ratios of phytate to the respective minerals. Objective: To assess the dietary patterns and quality of diets consumed by young children; with a primary focus on micronutrients adequacy, phytate intake and the implications on mineral bioavailability. Methods: Anthropometric measurements and dietary assessment of 47 children, aged 2 to 5 years, accompanied by their mothers. The method Food Photography 24-h Recall (FP24hR) was used for three consecutive days to evaluate their nutrient intake, which included macronutrients, 15 micronutrients and phytate intake. The estimated mineral bioavailability of the diets was determined based on the phytate-to-mineral molar ratios. Results: Stunting was found in 32% of children and waste in 6% of them, 2% of children were underweight, and 13% were overweight. Children were found to be at risk of calcium, zinc, vitamins A, E, B12 and folate deficiencies. The molar ratio phytate-to-Zinc (phy:Zn) was between 22.3 and 31.2; phytate-to-Iron (phy:Fe) was between 7.2 and 16.3 and phytate-to-Calcium (phy:Ca) was between 0.34 and 0.53. All the ratios exceeded the recommended values phy:Zn < 15, phy:Fe < 1, and phy:Ca < 0.24, which indicates that phytate in the children’s diet can negatively affect the bioavailability of zinc, iron and calcium. Conclusion: The high prevalence of stunting among children in this study highlights a persistent issue of chronic undernutrition in the region. The elevated phytate-to-mineral molar ratios suggest a reduced mineral absorption, which is a contributing factor to growth failure in children. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted nutrition policies in Mozambique to address both dietary quality and phytate content.</p>}},
author = {{Sateikaite, Ieva and Samaei, Yasaman and Khan, Maida and Carvalho, Irene and Lazarte, Claudia E.}},
issn = {{1606-0997}},
keywords = {{24-h food photography recall; Mineral bioavailability; Mozambique; Nutritional status; Phytate}},
language = {{eng}},
number = {{1}},
publisher = {{BioMed Central (BMC)}},
series = {{Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition}},
title = {{Nutritional status of children under-five in rural mozambique : the role of phytate intake and mineral bioavailability}},
url = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41043-026-01247-4}},
doi = {{10.1186/s41043-026-01247-4}},
volume = {{45}},
year = {{2026}},
}